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Related Concept Videos

Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Viruses of Archaea01:29

Viruses of Archaea

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Archaeal viruses play a crucial role in the ecosystems of extremophilic archaea, particularly those belonging to the phyla Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. By shaping host evolution and facilitating gene transfer, these viruses influence microbial communities and contribute to genetic diversity in extreme environments. The archaea they infect thrive in acidic hot springs and hydrothermal vents characterized by high temperatures and low pH. Archaeal viruses exhibit remarkable structural...
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DNA Bacteriophages01:26

DNA Bacteriophages

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Retroviruses02:33

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Isolation and Genome Analysis of Single Virions using 'Single Virus Genomics'
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Isolation and Genome Analysis of Single Virions using 'Single Virus Genomics'

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Viruses with Circular Single-Stranded DNA Genomes Are Everywhere!

L M Shulman1,2, I Davidson3

  • 1Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel;

Annual Review of Virology
|July 19, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Circular single-stranded DNA viruses, like chicken anemia virus (CAV) and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), are increasingly recognized as pathogens. While direct links to human disease are unclear, they may impact autoimmunity and disease severity indirectly.

Keywords:
CAVPCVTTVhuman anellovirusesveterinary anellovirusesveterinary circoviruses

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Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes: A Functional Genomics Tool for the Study of Positive-strand RNA Viruses
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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Animal Health

Background:

  • Circular single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses infect diverse hosts, including archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes.
  • Emergence of viruses like chicken anemia virus (CAV) and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) as significant pathogens is noted, possibly due to increased awareness.
  • Human anelloviruses are ubiquitous, but their direct causal link to specific diseases remains unproven, though they may influence autoimmunity and immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the emergence and impact of circular ssDNA viruses, focusing on CAV and PCV2.
  • To explore the potential indirect roles of viral infections in disease severity and autoimmunity.
  • To highlight the shared characteristics between animal and human circular ssDNA viruses.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on circular ssDNA viruses.
  • Comparative analysis of viral families Anelloviridae and Circoviridae.
  • Discussion of potential health implications in domesticated animals and humans.

Main Results:

  • CAV and PCV2 are immunosuppressive viruses affecting domesticated animal health.
  • CAV shares genomic and protein features with human anelloviruses.
  • PCV2 DNA has been detected in human food and vaccines, raising potential exposure concerns.

Conclusions:

  • Circular ssDNA viruses, including CAV and PCV2, pose health concerns in animals due to immunosuppression.
  • Human anellovirus infections may indirectly affect disease severity by modulating the immune system.
  • Further research is needed to understand the full impact of circular ssDNA viruses on host health and disease.