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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
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Astrovirus Biology and Pathogenesis.

Valerie Cortez1, Victoria A Meliopoulos1, Erik A Karlsson1

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105; email: valerie.cortez@stjude.org , victoria.meliopoulos@stjude.org , erik.karlsson@stjude.org , virginia.hargest@stjude.org , cydney.johnson@stjude.org , stacey.schultz-cherry@stjude.org.

Annual Review of Virology
|July 19, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Human astroviruses cause pediatric diarrhea but remain poorly understood. Research reveals their capsid disrupts the gut barrier, and species-specific infection is being questioned, necessitating further study.

Keywords:
animal modelbarrier permeabilitydiarrheaenteric virusextragastrointestinal diseasegut epithelia

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Astroviruses are nonenveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses responsible for significant pediatric gastrointestinal illness.
  • Despite their prevalence, human astroviruses are among the least characterized enteric RNA viruses, with limited understanding of their pathogenesis and host interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on astrovirus biology, focusing on virus-host interactions and pathogenesis.
  • To highlight the need for improved animal models to study astrovirus enterotoxin activity and extraintestinal disease potential.
  • To discuss emerging evidence challenging the traditional view of astrovirus species-specific infection.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of in vitro studies and animal models characterizing astrovirus-host interactions.
  • Analysis of research on astrovirus capsid properties and enterotoxigenicity.
  • Examination of studies investigating astrovirus cross-species transmission potential.

Main Results:

  • The astrovirus capsid possesses enterotoxin properties, capable of disrupting the gut epithelial barrier.
  • Evidence suggests astroviruses may have the potential to cross species barriers, contradicting previous assumptions.
  • Further research and enhanced animal models are crucial for understanding astrovirus pathogenesis, especially for strains causing extraintestinal disease.

Conclusions:

  • Astrovirus biology presents unique challenges and opportunities for research, particularly concerning their pathogenic mechanisms and host range.
  • Understanding these enteric RNA viruses is critical for developing effective countermeasures against gastrointestinal and potentially extraintestinal infections.