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Regulation of Metabolism

Regulation of Metabolism

Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...

Metabolic States of the Body: Fasting and Starvation

Metabolic States of the Body: Fasting and Starvation

During the initial hours of fasting, the body uses up its glycogen stores as an energy source. Once these glycogen reserves are depleted, the body begins breaking down stored triglycerides and structural proteins. During this stage, glycerol becomes a key substrate for gluconeogenesis, while free fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation to provide energy for tissues, such as skeletal muscle. In the fasting state, the body spares protein breakdown as much as possible to conserve muscle and structural...

Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism

Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism

Lipids also are sources of energy that power cellular processes. Like carbohydrates, lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but these atoms are arranged differently. Most lipids are nonpolar and hydrophobic. Major types include fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.
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Regulation of Food Intake

Regulation of Food Intake

Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...

Overview of Metabolism

Overview of Metabolism

Living cells constantly carry out various chemical reactions which are necessary for their proper functioning. These reactions are interlinked to one another via multiple pathways. The collection of these chemical reactions is known as metabolism.
Plant Metabolism
Sunlight, the primary source of energy in plants, is first absorbed by the chlorophyll pigments present in their leaves. Plants then use this energy to carry out photosynthesis, where water is oxidized into oxygen and carbon dioxide...

Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 26, 2026

FIBS-enabled Noninvasive Metabolic Profiling

FIBS-enabled Noninvasive Metabolic Profiling

Published on: February 3, 2014

FGF23 and Nutritional Metabolism.

Lindsay R Pool¹, Myles Wolf²

¹Center for Translational Health and Metabolism, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611;

Annual Review of Nutrition

|July 19, 2017

Summary

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) significantly impacts phosphate balance and cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease. Understanding FGF23

Keywords:

cardiovascular disease chronic kidney disease fibroblast growth factor 23 nutritional metabolism phosphate

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Published on: November 27, 2019

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Nephrology
Cardiovascular Medicine

Background:

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is crucial for phosphate and mineral homeostasis.
Elevated FGF23 is linked to adverse outcomes in chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Purpose of the Study:

To review FGF23 biology, physiology, and clinical relevance.
To explore FGF23's role in CKD, cardiovascular risk, and public health.
To discuss interventions targeting FGF23 levels.

Main Methods:

Literature review of FGF23 research.
Analysis of clinical outcomes associated with FGF23.
Discussion of proposed FGF23 mechanisms and interventions.

Main Results:

FGF23 plays a key role in mineral metabolism.
FGF23 levels predict cardiovascular events and mortality in CKD and the general population.
FGF23 is implicated in CKD pathophysiology.

Conclusions:

FGF23 is a vital biomarker and potential therapeutic target in CKD.
Managing FGF23 may improve cardiovascular outcomes and public health.
Further research into FGF23 interventions is warranted.