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Gross Anatomy of Bone

Gross Anatomy of Bone

The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone made of numerous osteons — the functional unit of the compact bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which harbors the bone marrow. In infants and children, this marrow cavity is filled with red marrow, whereas in...

Compact Bone

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...

Classification of Bones

Classification of Bones

The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The...

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...

Overview of the Skull

Overview of the Skull

The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Author Spotlight: Insights into an Efficient Murine Maxillary Orthodontic Model Protocol

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Published on: October 27, 2023

Study of Distracted Bone in Maxilla: A Comparative Analysis.

Rohan Thomas Mathew^1,2, Mustafa Khader³, Shehzana Fathima³

¹Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yenepoya Dental College, Mangalore, 575 018 India.

Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery

|July 19, 2017

Summary

Distracted bone after maxillary distraction osteogenesis shows less mineralization than normal bone. However, this bone is functionally adequate for implants, indicating FTIR can assess bone quality.

Keywords:

Anterior maxillary distraction Bone quality Distraction osteogenesis FTIR

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Published on: October 18, 2021

Area of Science:

Orthodontics and Maxillofacial Surgery
Biomaterials Science
Surgical Innovation

Background:

Anterior maxillary distraction is a key treatment for hypoplastic maxilla.
Assessing bone maturation and mineralization is crucial for treatment success.
Bone quality impacts long-term clinical outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the mineralization and maturation of bone formed via maxillary distraction osteogenesis.
To compare bone mineralization in distraction osteogenesis, cleft patients, and controls.
To validate Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for bone quality assessment.

Main Methods:

A comparative study involving 29 patients divided into three groups: distraction osteogenesis, cleft lip/palate, and control.
Bone biopsies were obtained using a trephine drill.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to analyze mineral-to-matrix ratios.

Main Results:

Statistically significant differences in bone mineralization were observed across the three groups.
Distracted bone exhibited the lowest mineral-to-matrix ratio compared to control and cleft groups.
Cleft bone also showed reduced mineralization relative to normal bone.

Conclusions:

Distracted bone has lower mineralization than native bone but is functionally equivalent, as evidenced by successful implant integration.
FTIR spectroscopy is a valuable tool for assessing bone quality and mineralization.
Further research into optimizing mineralization in distraction osteogenesis may be beneficial.