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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Testing Tactile Masking between the Forearms

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Published on: February 10, 2016

Object-substitution masking weakens but does not eliminate shape interactions.

Timothy D Sweeny¹, Larissa C D'Abreu², Elric Elias²

¹Department of Psychology, University of Denver, 2155 S Race St, Frontier Hall, Denver, CO, 80210, USA. timothy.sweeny@du.edu.

Attention, Perception & Psychophysics

|July 19, 2017

Summary

Object-substitution masking (OSM) disrupts visual processing and awareness. This study shows that even invisible shapes influence visible ones, suggesting processing disruptions strengthen with complexity.

Keywords:

Consciousness Masking Object-substitution masking Shape perception Visual awareness

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Neuroscience
Visual Perception

Background:

Visual awareness is selective, with some objects perceived clearly while others are missed.
Object-substitution masking (OSM) reveals that visual processing can occur for unseen stimuli, but its extent varies with feature complexity.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between visual processing and awareness under OSM.
To determine how stimulus complexity affects the co-occurrence of processing disruptions and awareness gaps along the ventral pathway.

Main Methods:

Evaluated the impact of OSM on the perception and processing of 2D shapes.
Assessed whether the aspect ratio of an unseen shape influenced the perceived aspect ratio of a visible shape presented nearby.

Main Results:

Shape interactions (aspect ratio averaging) occurred when both shapes were visible.
This averaging effect was reduced, but not abolished, when one shape was subject to OSM.
Shape interactions persisted even when one shape was completely invisible.

Conclusions:

Visual processing disruptions under OSM strengthen with increasing stimulus complexity.
Processing disruptions become more tightly linked to awareness mechanisms at intermediate visual analysis stages.