Tailoring of magnetic orderings in Fe substituted GdMnO₃ bulk samples towards room temperature

The evolution of various magnetic ordering has been studied for the orthorhombic perovskite GdMn_1-x Fe _x O₃ (0  ⩽  x  ⩽  0.7) system to obtain its comprehensive magnetic phase diagram. We observed that the substitution of Fe in GdMnO₃ increases the antiferromagnetic Neel temperature (T _N) from 40 K to above 400 K and importantly induces a spin-reorientation transition (T _SR) for x  ⩾  0.4. These transitions are close to room temperature at x  =  0.5 and then gradually separated at a higher x value. The static orbital ordering induced by the Jahn-Teller distortion seems to play an important role in changing the T _N. The variations of spin-reorientation ordering along with the competition between the magnetic orderings as a function of the composition were discussed with respect to antisymmetric exchange interactions and Mn³⁺ single-ion anisotropy in detail. In addition, the correlation between structural and magnetic properties suggests that the subtle structural change at composition x  =  0.4 may affect the magnetic ordering. The observed tunable T _SR and T _N in GdMn_1-x Fe _x O₃ could add a practical value for these compositions in fields like spintronics and sensors.