Potential novel biomarkers of cardiovascular dysfunction and disease: cardiotrophin-1, adipokines and galectin-3

Area of Science:

• Biochemistry
• Cardiology
• Pathophysiology

Background:

• Cardiovascular disease (CVD) poses a significant global health burden.
• Current biomarkers like brain natriuretic peptide and troponin have limitations in broad patient applicability and accuracy.
• Accurate cardiovascular risk assessment remains challenging for diverse patient populations.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the role of novel biomarkers in CVD pathogenesis and prognosis.
• To discuss the potential of specific markers including cardiotrophin-1, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and galectin-3.
• To highlight the need for multiple biomarker evaluations for comprehensive cardiovascular state assessment.

Main Methods:

• Literature review focusing on vascular inflammation, atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, endothelial dysfunction, and cardiovascular fibrosis.
• Analysis of existing data on established and emerging cardiovascular biomarkers.
• Discussion of the pathophysiological relevance of selected novel markers.

Main Results:

• Established biomarkers have improved CVD assessment but are not universally applicable or sufficiently accurate.
• Newer biomarkers reflect diverse cardiac and vascular modifications.
• Cardiotrophin-1, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and galectin-3 show potential as biomarkers for various cardiovascular conditions.

Conclusions:

• There is a need for novel biomarkers to improve cardiovascular risk assessment.
• Selected markers of vascular inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and fibrosis show promise.
• A multi-biomarker approach may offer a more comprehensive evaluation of cardiovascular health.