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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Although not a source of energy, cholesterol plays a significant role as a foundational structure for bile salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D, as well as being a crucial component of plasma membranes. Approximately 15% of blood cholesterol is derived from our diet, with the remainder synthesized from acetyl CoA by the liver and intestines. Cholesterol is eliminated from the body through its conversion into bile salts, which are eventually discarded in the feces.
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Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study
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Childhood thyroid function, body composition and cardiovascular function.

Mirjana Barjaktarovic1,2,3, Tim I M Korevaar1,2,3, Romy Gaillard1,4

  • 1The Generation R Study Group.

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|July 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormone levels in 6-year-olds impact cardiovascular health. Higher free thyroxine (FT4) is linked to lower left ventricular mass and increased arterial stiffness, potentially raising blood pressure.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric endocrinology
  • Cardiovascular physiology
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormone significantly influences the cardiovascular system.
  • Early-life cardiovascular changes can increase adult cardiovascular disease risk.
  • The impact of thyroid hormone on childhood cardiovascular function, especially concerning body composition, is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between thyroid function (TSH and FT4) and cardiovascular parameters in early childhood.
  • To explore the role of body composition in mediating these associations.
  • To elucidate the distinct mechanisms of TSH and FT4 on cardiovascular function during childhood.

Main Methods:

  • A population-based prospective cohort study of 4251 children (median age 6 years).
  • Thyroid function assessed via TSH and FT4 measurements.
  • Cardiovascular assessment included echocardiography for left ventricular (LV) mass, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (CFPWV) for arterial stiffness, and blood pressure (BP) measurement.
  • Body composition analyzed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Main Results:

  • Higher FT4 was inversely associated with LV mass and lean body mass, with 55% mediation through lean mass.
  • TSH showed an inverse association with LV mass, particularly in boys, and a positive association with systolic and diastolic BP.
  • FT4 correlated positively with CFPWV and diastolic BP, though the latter attenuated after adjusting for CFPWV.

Conclusions:

  • At age 6, elevated FT4 is linked to reduced LV mass (partly via lean body mass) and increased arterial stiffness, potentially contributing to higher BP.
  • Distinct pathways appear to mediate the cardiovascular effects of TSH and FT4 in early childhood.