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Related Concept Videos

Mechanically-gated Ion Channels01:12

Mechanically-gated Ion Channels

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Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...
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Voltage-gated Ion Channels01:26

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Voltage-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential. They are present on the membranes of all electrically excitable cells such as neurons, heart, and muscle cells.
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Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

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The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow...
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Non-gated Ion Channels01:24

Non-gated Ion Channels

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Ion channels are specialized proteins on the plasma membrane that allow charged ions to pass down their electrochemical gradient. Their main function is to maintain the membrane potential which is critical for cell viability. These channels are either gated or non-gated and can transport more than a thousand ions within milliseconds for the cellular event to occur.
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Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes01:15

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes

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Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at...
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Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism

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Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
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Solid-state nanopore based biomimetic voltage gated ion channels.

Matthew Pevarnik1, Weibin Cui, Sukru Yemenicioglu

  • 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9560, United States of America. Department of Science and Math, Regent University, Virginia Beach, VA 23464-5037, United States of America.

Bioinspiration & Biomimetics
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Summary

Solid-state nanopores functionalized with quinones exhibit voltage gating, mimicking biological neuron function. This breakthrough utilizes a redox-active molecule to control ion flow, paving the way for advanced synthetic systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Nanotechnology
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Voltage gating is crucial for neuronal computation.
  • Mimicking this in synthetic systems is a key challenge.
  • Previous synthetic voltage gating lacked biological resemblance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate voltage gating in solid-state nanopores using a redox-active molecule.
  • To investigate the mechanism of this synthetic voltage gating.
  • To compare the synthetic system's response to biological gating.

Main Methods:

  • Functionalization of solid-state nanopores with quinone molecules.
  • Experimental measurements of ion transport under applied voltage.
  • Theoretical modeling and simulations to understand the gating mechanism.
  • pH measurements within the nanopore.

Main Results:

  • The quinone-functionalized nanopore exhibited sigmoidal voltage gating, similar to biological systems.
  • The gating mechanism involves quinone reduction, deprotonation, and charge-induced opening.
  • Concentration polarization and pH shifts within the pore were identified as key factors.
  • The system demonstrated charge gain at the quinone's pKa value.

Conclusions:

  • Solid-state nanopores can effectively mimic biological voltage gating using quinones.
  • The mechanism relies on redox activity, pH changes, and charge accumulation.
  • This approach offers a novel synthetic route to neuron-like computational elements.