Noninvasive photoacoustic measurement of glucose by data fusion

We proposed a novel noninvasive method for glucose detection using a photoacoustic (PA) technique utilizing both the peak-to-peak value and peak arrival time delay information. Without increasing apparatus and system complexity, we demonstrated the accuracy enhancement of 29.5% and 33.63% for high (0-7 g dL^-1) and low (0-350 mg dL^-1) concentration of glucose solution, compared to conventional amplitude-based prediction.