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Related Concept Videos

Trihybrid Crosses02:27

Trihybrid Crosses

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Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
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Invited review: Global census on the development and implementation of direct genetic selection for enteric methane emissions in dairy cattle.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Genetic Mapping of Thermotolerance Differences Between Species of Saccharomyces Yeast via Genome-Wide Reciprocal Hemizygosity Analysis
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Direct multitrait selection realizes the highest genetic response for ratio traits.

L Zetouni, M Henryon, M Kargo

    Journal of Animal Science
    |July 21, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary

    Selecting for multiple traits simultaneously, like milk yield and methane (CH4) emissions, offers superior genetic gains compared to using ratio traits. This multitrait approach optimizes breeding strategies in dairy cattle.

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    Area of Science:

    • Animal Breeding and Genetics
    • Dairy Science
    • Environmental Science

    Background:

    • Combined traits, such as methane (CH4) emissions per kilogram of milk, are crucial breeding goals in dairy cattle.
    • Direct selection on ratio traits can obscure the source of genetic improvement, making it difficult to ascertain whether gains stem from yield enhancement or emission reduction.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate different selection strategies for simultaneously improving milk yield and decreasing methane emissions in dairy cattle.
    • To test the hypothesis that selecting for component traits directly maximizes genetic gain for ratio traits.

    Main Methods:

    • Stochastic simulation was employed to model a dairy cattle population.
    • Three selection criteria were compared: multitrait selection, ratio trait (methane to milk), and phenotypically corrected methane.
    • Four different correlation sets were used to assess the robustness of the findings.

    Main Results:

    • All scenarios achieved an average genetic gain of 66 kg of milk per year.
    • Multitrait selection yielded the most effective decrease in methane emissions (24.8 L/yr gain).
    • Ratio and corrected methane traits showed similar, slightly lower, methane emission gains (27.1 and 27.3 kg/yr).

    Conclusions:

    • Multitrait selection is a more effective strategy than direct selection on ratio traits for maximizing genetic gain in combined traits.
    • These findings are applicable to various breeding programs involving antagonistic traits in livestock.
    • Optimizing selection criteria is key to achieving balanced genetic improvement in dairy production and environmental impact.