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Visually Sexing Loggerhead Shrike Lanius Ludovicianus Using Plumage Coloration and Pattern

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Partial diel migration: A facultative migration underpinned by long-term inter-individual variation.

Philip M Harrison^1,2, Lee F G Gutowsky¹, Eduardo G Martins³

¹Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Carleton University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

The Journal of Animal Ecology

|July 21, 2017

Summary

Partial diel migration variation in burbot is mainly driven by short-term behavioral flexibility. However, consistent individual differences also significantly influence migratory behavior patterns over time.

Keywords:

animal personality behavioural reaction norms diel migrations hierarchical model migration continuum partial migration telemetry

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Area of Science:

Aquatic Ecology
Animal Behavior
Behavioral Ecology

Background:

Partial diel migration, a common phenomenon in aquatic ecosystems, was previously thought to be solely driven by behavioral flexibility.
Emerging evidence suggests that seasonal partial migrations are influenced by environmental plasticity and individual variations (genetic and environmental).

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relative contributions of within- and among-individual variation to partial diel migration heterogeneity in burbot (Lota lota).
To test the hypothesis that both short-term behavioral flexibility and long-term individual differences drive migration variation.

Main Methods:

Utilized a hierarchical behavioral reaction norm approach to analyze depth use and diel plasticity.
Employed depth-sensing acoustic telemetry transmitters on 47 burbot over a 2-year study period.
Partitioned variation at within-individual, among-dates-within-seasons, and among-seasons scales.

Main Results:

Within-individual variation across dates and seasons explained the majority of phenotypic variation in depth use and diel plasticity.
Repeatable individual differences in migration behavior were observed over the 2-year study duration.
Both short-term flexibility and long-term individual differences were key factors mediating partial diel migration.

Conclusions:

Partial diel migration variation is primarily driven by short-term within-individual flexibility in depth use and diel behavior.
Individual differences play a crucial, previously unacknowledged role in structuring aquatic ecosystem dynamics.
These findings advance the understanding of mechanisms behind partial diel migration across aquatic taxa.