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Updated: Feb 26, 2026

A Novel Approach for Documenting Phosphenes Induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Published on: April 1, 2010
Phosphenes, retinal discrete dark noise, negative afterimages and retinogeniculate projections: A new explanatory
Vahid Salari1, Felix Scholkmann2, Ram Lakhan Pandey Vimal3
1Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
Abstract:
Cellular luminescence is the emission of photons by living cells due to various biophysical and biochemical processes, mostly associated with cellular metabolism. In this review paper we summarize today's understanding of four luminescence-dependent phenomena in the eye, i.e., phosphenes, retinal discrete dark noise, negative afterimages and the development of retinogeniculate projections in the brain. We review the phenomena above in the context of knowledge gained from experimental and theoretical works. Finally, we discuss this knowledge in terms of its physiological significance.
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