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Related Concept Videos

Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
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Cancer02:18

Cancer

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Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
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Defining Gene Functions in Tumorigenesis by Ex vivo Ablation of Floxed Alleles in Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Cells
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Tumor Evolution as a Therapeutic Target.

Nabil Amirouchene-Angelozzi1, Charles Swanton2, Alberto Bardelli3,4

  • 1Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO), IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy.

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Molecular diagnostics enable tracking cancer

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Diagnostics
  • Precision Medicine

Background:

  • Technological advances in molecular diagnostics, including blood-based tumor genotyping, allow for monitoring cancer's clonal evolution over time.
  • This temporal dimension adds a new layer to precision medicine, necessitating a reevaluation of therapeutic strategies.
  • Current precision medicine often targets individual oncogenes, but tumors evolve, leading to transient drug efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the limitations of current targeted therapies in cancer treatment.
  • To propose novel therapeutic approaches that account for the evolutionary nature of human tumors.
  • To integrate the concept of time and tumor evolution into precision cancer medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of limitations in existing targeted therapy approaches.
  • Review of molecular diagnostic technologies for monitoring clonal evolution.
  • Development of a conceptual framework for evolutionary-guided cancer treatment.

Main Results:

  • Targeted therapies provide only transient efficacy due to tumor evolution.
  • Monitoring clonal evolution in patients is feasible with current technologies.
  • An evolutionary framework is crucial for improving therapeutic control and survival outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Rethinking therapeutic strategies to target the evolving nature of tumors is essential.
  • Integrating real-time monitoring of clonal evolution can enhance precision cancer medicine.
  • Evolving therapies alongside tumors may lead to improved patient survival and treatment efficacy.