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Related Concept Videos

Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

24.7K
The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
24.7K
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

1.4K
In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
1.4K
Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes01:09

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

879
In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...
879
Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

1.2K
Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
1.2K
Complexometric Titration: Ligands00:43

Complexometric Titration: Ligands

2.4K
Different monodentate and polydentate ligands are used as complexing agents in complexometric titration reactions. The formation of complexes by mono- and bidentate ligands involves two or more intermediate steps, limiting their use as complexing agents. In comparison, polydentate ligands can form complexes with metal ions in a single-step process, facilitating sharper end points. This means polydentate ligands, such as amino carboxylic acid derivatives, are most commonly employed in...
2.4K
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

11.4K
Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
11.4K

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Electrochemiluminescence of chlorophyll a and chemiluminescence of chlorophylls a and b.

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Oxidative pathways of apo, partially, and fully Zn(II)- and Cd(II)-metalated human metallothionein-3 are dominated by disulfide bond formation.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Determining the Structure and Mechanisms of Metal Ion Recognition and Redox Activity of Metal Binding Oligopeptides
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Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Determining the Structure and Mechanisms of Metal Ion Recognition and Redox Activity of Metal Binding Oligopeptides

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Lead(II) Binding in Metallothioneins.

Daisy L Wong, Maureen E Merrifield-MacRae, Martin J Stillman

    Metal Ions in Life Sciences
    |July 22, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary

    Metallothionein (MT) binds various metals, including toxic lead (Pb). Understanding MT-metal interactions is crucial for explaining lead toxicity and its effects on biological systems.

    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Environmental Toxicology
    • Metalloprotein Chemistry

    Background:

    • Metallothionein (MT) is a protein involved in metal homeostasis and detoxification.
    • MT binds essential metals like zinc and copper, and toxic heavy metals such as cadmium.
    • Heavy metal exposure, particularly lead, poses significant health risks, especially to children.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the interaction of metallothionein (MT) with a wide range of metals, focusing on lead (Pb).
    • To compare lead binding affinities with those of other toxic and xenobiotic metals.
    • To understand the role of MT in lead metabolism and toxicity pathways.

    Main Methods:

    • In vitro metallation studies of MT with various metal ions.
    • Analysis of metal-binding affinities to MT's cysteine residues.

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  • Review of existing literature on MT-metal interactions and lead toxicity.

    • Main Results:

    • MT exhibits varying affinities for different metals, with a general order of thiol binding affinity: Zn(II) < Pb(II) < Cd(II) < Cu(I) < Ag(I) < Hg(II) < Bi(III).
    • Comparative analysis of lead binding with toxic metals like cadmium, mercury, and arsenic provides insights into MT's role in lead detoxification.
    • Lead exposure is linked to anemia and neurodevelopmental issues, particularly in children.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding MT's interaction with lead is vital for comprehending lead's toxic mechanisms.
    • MT plays a role in mitigating heavy metal toxicity, but lead's interaction with MT is key to its adverse health effects.
    • Further research into MT-lead interactions across different organisms can reveal pathways of lead toxicity.