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Pharmaceutical products contain more than just the active drug; they also contain various excipients such as binders, solubilizers, stabilizers, preservatives, and other elements. In some cases, impurities or contaminants might be present. Traditionally, quality control in pharmaceuticals has primarily focused on the analysis of the active drug, often overlooking the impact of these additional components. The recent issue with heparin contamination by over-sulfated chondroitin sulfate, a...
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Additives and Fillers in Concrete01:29

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Additives and fillers are integral to enhancing the properties of concrete. Pozzolans and blast-furnace slag are additives or admixtures due to their reactions with calcium hydroxide released during cement hydration. Fillers, which are finely ground and similar in fineness to Portland cement, improve concrete attributes such as workability density, and reduce capillary bleeding or cracking. Some fillers possess hydraulic properties or participate in benign reactions within the cement paste.
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Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:27

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Changes in polymorphic forms can significantly influence the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Although the FDA defines pharmaceutical equivalence based on having the same active ingredient, dosage form, and route of administration, it does not automatically disqualify products with different polymorphic forms. This means two products with different polymorphs can still be deemed pharmaceutically equivalent. However, polymorphic differences can affect properties like wettability,...
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Old and new adjuvants.

Amy S McKee1, Philippa Marrack2

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.

Current Opinion in Immunology
|July 23, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adjuvants enhance vaccine effectiveness by boosting immune responses. Novel strategies use immunomodulatory agents to improve protection against challenging infectious diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Adjuvants, used since the 1920s, enhance vaccine-induced antibody responses and protection.
  • Early adjuvants, like alum, were discovered accidentally and used with subunit vaccines.
  • Adjuvants modulate innate and adaptive immunity by activating immune cells and extending antigen presentation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of adjuvants in vaccine development.
  • To understand how adjuvants activate immune responses for better vaccine efficacy.
  • To discuss novel adjuvant strategies for infectious diseases lacking effective conventional vaccines.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical and current adjuvant research.
  • Analysis of immune cell activation pathways influenced by adjuvants.
  • Investigation of pattern recognition receptors and ligands in adjuvant design.

Main Results:

  • Adjuvants significantly boost antibody production and overall immune protection.
  • Adjuvants activate innate immune cells, mobilize dendritic cells, and drive adaptive immunity.
  • Novel adjuvants utilizing immunomodulatory agents are being developed to elicit specific T cell responses.

Conclusions:

  • Adjuvants are crucial for enhancing vaccine immunogenicity and protective capacity.
  • Understanding adjuvant mechanisms allows for the design of targeted immune responses.
  • New adjuvant strategies hold promise for addressing unmet needs in infectious disease vaccination.