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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
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Necrosis01:16

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Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
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Apoptosis01:30

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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Author Spotlight: THP-1 Macrophage Response to LPS/ATP &#8212; Unveiling the Pyroptosis, Apoptosis, and Necroptosis Spectrum
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Programmed Cell Death and Inflammation: Winter Is Coming.

Joseph P Kolb1, Thomas H Oguin1, Andrew Oberst2

  • 1Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA.

Trends in Immunology
|July 24, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Programmed cell death disposes of extra cells for development and homeostasis. Immune cells called phagocytes clear these cells through efferocytosis, a process vital for organism health and defense.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Organisms require programmed cell death for development and homeostasis.
  • Programmed cell death serves as a defense mechanism against pathogens.
  • Phagocytes are responsible for clearing dead or dying cells via efferocytosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore various types of programmed cell death.
  • To examine the impact of programmed cell death on innate immune responses.

Main Methods:

  • This is a review article, synthesizing existing research.
  • Analysis of literature on programmed cell death and efferocytosis.

Main Results:

  • Programmed cell death is essential for removing superfluous cells.
  • Efferocytosis is a cooperative process between phagocytes and dying cells.
  • Different programmed cell death pathways influence innate immunity.

Conclusions:

  • Programmed cell death and efferocytosis are critical for maintaining organismal health.
  • Understanding programmed cell death mechanisms is key to modulating innate immune responses.