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Two basic types of preparation are used to visualize specimens with a light microscope: wet mounts and fixed specimens.
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Updated: Feb 26, 2026

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Cytochemical Staining.

Michele E Paessler1,2, Marybeth Helfrich3, Gerald B W Wertheim4,3

  • 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. paessler@email.chop.edu.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|July 24, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cytochemical stains, once essential for diagnosing acute leukemia by identifying cell lineage, are now supplementary. While largely replaced by immunophenotyping and cytogenetics, they remain valuable for acute myeloid leukemia classification.

Keywords:
Acute myeloid leukemiaBone marrowCytochemical stains

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Oncology
  • Clinical Pathology

Background:

  • Historically, diagnosis of acute leukemia relied on morphologic review and cytochemical staining.
  • Cytochemical stains utilize enzymatic reactions to determine myeloid and lymphoid lineage.
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) 2008 Classification shifted focus to immunophenotyping and cytogenetics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the principles, procedures, and interpretation of common cytochemical stains.
  • To highlight the role of cytochemical testing in classifying acute myeloid leukemia.
  • To discuss the continued utility of cytochemical stains as an adjunct diagnostic tool.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established cytochemical staining techniques.
  • Analysis of diagnostic interpretation guidelines for acute myeloid leukemia.
  • Comparison with current immunophenotyping and cytogenetic methodologies.

Main Results:

  • Cytochemical stains provide valuable information on cellular enzymatic activity.
  • Interpretation of results aids in differentiating myeloid and lymphoid blasts.
  • These stains remain relevant in specific diagnostic scenarios for acute leukemia.

Conclusions:

  • Cytochemical stains, though not primary, are useful adjuncts in acute leukemia diagnosis.
  • They play a role in the accurate classification of acute myeloid leukemia.
  • Understanding cytochemical principles is crucial for comprehensive hematologic diagnosis.