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Related Concept Videos

Renal Corpuscle01:20

Renal Corpuscle

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The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are two essential components of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. These microscopic structures play a critical role in the process of blood filtration to produce urine.
Glomerulus: Structure and Function
The glomerulus is a tiny, intricate network of capillaries located at the beginning of the nephron. It's enveloped by the Bowman's capsule and receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole, which divides into numerous...
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Renal Drug Excretion: Tubular Secretion01:28

Renal Drug Excretion: Tubular Secretion

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Active tubular secretion is a robust, energy-demanding process that utilizes carrier systems to transport drugs into renal tubules. The active renal secretion systems include the organic anion transporter (OAT) for weak acids and the organic cation transporter (OCT) for weak bases. Structurally similar drugs can compete for the same transporter, potentially leading to drug accumulation and toxicity. However, this principle can be exploited therapeutically. One example is probenecid (Probalan),...
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Overview of Exosomes01:36

Overview of Exosomes

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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...
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Nephrons01:10

Nephrons

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The kidneys are intricate organs with millions of working units known as nephrons. Each nephron features two major structures: the renal corpuscle, which facilitates blood plasma filtration, and the renal tubule, which handles the glomerular filtrate. Blood supply is directly linked to the nephrons. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus, a capillary network, and the Bowman's capsule, a double-walled epithelial structure that encases the glomerulus. The filtering of blood plasma...
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Drug Elimination by Renal Route: Tubular Secretion01:15

Drug Elimination by Renal Route: Tubular Secretion

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Once the process of glomerular filtration is completed, blood carrying unfiltered drug molecules traverses through efferent arterioles and makes its way into the peritubular capillaries in the proximal tubule. A variety of carriers play a pivotal role in actively secreting drugs from these peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid. The organic anion transporter transfers acidic drugs, against an electrochemical gradient, from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule cells and...
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Renal Drug Excretion: Tubular Reabsorption01:25

Renal Drug Excretion: Tubular Reabsorption

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Tubular reabsorption, a process occurring post-glomerular filtration of drugs in the renal tubule, is a critical determinant of drug half-life. During the process of renal excretion, as the glomerular filtrate progresses to the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), drugs that are highly permeable, lipophilic, and nonionized undergo passive reabsorption from the tubular fluid into the surrounding peritubular capillaries. This reabsorption process restricts their elimination through the kidneys. This...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 26, 2026

A Modified Precipitation Method to Isolate Urinary Exosomes
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Extracellular vesicles in renal disease.

Diana Karpman1, Anne-Lie Ståhl1, Ida Arvidsson1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Klinikgatan 28, 22184 Lund, Sweden.

Nature Reviews. Nephrology
|July 25, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate cell communication and disease propagation. This review details EV functions, detection, and roles in kidney diseases, exploring therapeutic potential.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, are crucial for intercellular communication.
  • EVs transfer information and substances between cells, influencing physiological and pathological processes.
  • Dysregulation of EV release and uptake is implicated in various diseases, including inflammatory, vascular, and malignant conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the types, detection, and communication mechanisms of extracellular vesicles.
  • To elucidate the physiological functions of EVs, with a focus on renal processes.
  • To discuss the role of EVs in kidney diseases and their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of extracellular vesicle research.

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  • Analysis of EV roles in cellular interactions and physiological functions.
  • Examination of EV involvement in specific renal pathologies and therapeutic strategies.

    • Main Results:

    • EVs facilitate cell-cell communication and substance exchange, impacting thrombosis, immune responses, and tissue regeneration.
    • EVs play significant roles in renal processes, contributing to conditions like acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease.
    • EV detection shows promise for renal disease biomarkers, and EV-based therapies are being explored.

    Conclusions:

    • Extracellular vesicles are key mediators of cellular communication with broad physiological and pathological implications.
    • EVs are deeply involved in kidney function and disease, offering potential for diagnostic and therapeutic innovations.
    • Targeting EV pathways presents a promising avenue for treating various renal diseases.