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Related Concept Videos

Sound Waves: Interference00:53

Sound Waves: Interference

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Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...
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Interference and Superposition of Waves01:07

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When two waves of the same nature occur in the same region simultaneously, they result in interference. Interference of waves implies that the net effect of the waves is the sum of the individual waves' effects. However, it does not imply that the individual waves affect the propagation of other waves.
Interference occurs in mechanical waves, such as sound waves, waves on a string, and surface water waves. Mechanical waves correspond to the physical displacement of particles. Hence,...
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Interference: Path Lengths01:10

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Consider two sources of sound, that may or may not be in phase, emitting waves at a single frequency, and consider the frequencies to be the same.
Two special sources may be considered when they are in phase. This can be easily achieved by feeding the two sources from the same source. An example would be synchronizing the two speakers by feeding them with the same source, such as the sound waves produced by a tuning fork. This setup ensures that the two sources have the same frequency and are...
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Interference and Diffraction02:18

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Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
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Standing Waves01:17

Standing Waves

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Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
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Constraints and Statical Determinacy01:26

Constraints and Statical Determinacy

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In structural engineering, the equilibrium of a system is not only determined by its equations of equilibrium but also with the help of constraints. Constraints refer to restrictions on the motion of a system. The proper combinations of constraints can minimize the total number of constraints needed to maintain a system in mechanical equilibrium. When this happens, the system is said to be statically determinate. For such systems, the unknown reaction supports can be estimated using equilibrium...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Measurement of Quantum Interference in a Silicon Ring Resonator Photon Source
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True constructive interference in the steady state (trueCISS).

Tom Hilbert1,2,3, Damien Nguyen4,5, Jean-Philippe Thiran2,3

  • 1Advanced Clinical Imaging Technology (HC CEMEA SUI DI PI), Siemens Healthcare AG, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|July 25, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new method, true constructive interference in the steady state (trueCISS), eliminates banding artifacts in balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) imaging. This technique provides true on-resonant signals without increasing scan time, enabling novel imaging contrasts.

Keywords:
SSFPbalanced steady-state free precessioncompressed sensingiterative reconstructionphase cyclingsparse sampling

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Medical Physics
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) imaging is susceptible to banding artifacts.
  • These artifacts arise from off-resonance effects, obscuring true signal intensity.
  • Existing methods often require longer acquisition times or compromise image quality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce a novel, time-efficient method called true constructive interference in the steady state (trueCISS).
  • Address and eliminate banding artifacts in bSSFP imaging.
  • Achieve genuine, on-resonant signal generation in bSSFP.

Main Methods:

  • Utilize compressed sensing reconstruction on highly undersampled phase-cycled bSSFP scans.
  • Employ a dictionary-based fitting routine for voxel-wise estimation of off-resonance, relaxation time ratio, and equilibrium magnetization.
  • Generate on-resonant bSSFP images using estimated parameters.

Main Results:

  • Successfully removed banding artifacts in both phantom and in vivo whole-brain experiments.
  • Demonstrated banding removal using 16 phase-cycled SSFP scans with eightfold undersampling.
  • Enabled derivation of synthetic bSSFP images with arbitrary flip angles for novel contrasts.

Conclusions:

  • TrueCISS provides banding-free bSSFP images with accurate on-resonant signal intensity.
  • The method achieves this without extending acquisition time compared to conventional techniques.
  • Offers potential for acquiring previously unattainable image contrasts due to safety constraints.