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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
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Detection of MicroRNAs in Microglia by Real-time PCR in Normal CNS and During Neuroinflammation
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MicroRNAs: Roles in Regulating Neuroinflammation.

Andrew D Gaudet1,2, Laura K Fonken1,2, Linda R Watkins1,2

  • 11 Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA.

The Neuroscientist : a Review Journal Bringing Neurobiology, Neurology and Psychiatry
|July 25, 2017
PubMed
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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression and play a key role in neuroinflammation. Understanding these small RNAs offers potential therapeutic strategies for neurological disorders.

Keywords:
central nervous systemimmune responseinflammationneuropathologytraumatic brain injury

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs crucial for cellular and physiological functions in multicellular organisms.
  • miRNAs function by regulating gene translation through binding to complementary RNA sequences, leading to mRNA degradation or sequestration.
  • Over 5000 human miRNAs exist, each potentially regulating hundreds of RNA targets, highlighting their broad impact on biological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the critical role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the complex mechanisms of neuroinflammation.
  • To explore the potential of miRNA-based therapeutic interventions for managing neuroinflammatory conditions.
  • To discuss how modulating miRNA activity could offer novel strategies for improving neuroinflammatory dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing current research on microRNAs and neuroinflammation.
  • Analysis of specific pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and mixed immunomodulatory miRNAs.
  • Examination of miRNA involvement in various neuroinflammatory pathologies.

Main Results:

  • Specific miRNAs, including miR-155, miR-27b, miR-326 (pro-inflammatory), miR-124, miR-146a, miR-21, miR-223 (anti-inflammatory), and the let-7 family (mixed), are key regulators of neuroinflammation.
  • Dysregulation of miRNAs, such as those inhibiting anti-inflammatory proteins, can exacerbate pro-inflammatory responses.
  • miRNAs are implicated in diverse neuroinflammatory diseases like spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke, and Alzheimer's disease.

Conclusions:

  • MicroRNAs represent a significant layer of complexity in physiological regulation, particularly in neuroinflammation.
  • Targeting specific miRNAs presents a promising avenue for developing novel therapeutic strategies for neurological disorders.
  • Further research into the therapeutic potential of controlling miRNAs is essential for advancing neuroinflammatory treatment.