Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

1.3K
Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
1.3K
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

1.6K
Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
1.6K
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

1.1K
Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
1.1K
Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison01:14

Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison

1.3K
In cases of acute poisoning, the primary objective is to prevent further absorption of the toxic substance into the body. Immediate interventions using various decontamination techniques targeting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can achieve this. Decontamination is crucial to prevent poison from entering the systemic circulation, which involves washing affected areas with water and mild soap and removing contaminated clothing. Once external decontamination is done, attention must be turned to...
1.3K
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

1.6K
Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
1.6K
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

2.3K
Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
2.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Striatal hyperechogenicity as an ultrasound imaging marker for prodromal X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism.

NPJ Parkinson's disease·2026
Same author

Do We Need to Monitor B-Vitamins and Homocysteine During Initiation of Foslevodopa/Foscarbidopa Therapy?

Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society·2026
Same author

When bad turns good: a systematic review on cholesterol and LDL in longitudinal patient cohorts with Parkinson's disease.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026
Same author

Therapeutic botulinum toxin preparations: an update.

Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)·2026
Same author

The influence of beta-amyloid and tau proteins on cognitive changes in Parkinson's disease.

Parkinsonism & related disorders·2026
Same author

Metabolomic Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes.

International journal of molecular sciences·2026
Same journal

Stress and resilience: cortisol hypo-response to acute stress in non-resilient individuals.

Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)·2026
Same journal

Dopamine supersensitivity psychosis: a critical evaluation of diagnostic validators.

Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)·2026
Same journal

A refined protocol for the large-scale production of high-quality cerebral organoids.

Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)·2026
Same journal

Investigating smiling asymmetries in Parkinson's disease through the whistle-smile reflex.

Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)·2026
Same journal

The German Parkinson expert meetings.

Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)·2026
Same journal

Changes in leukocytes and CRP in different treatments of major depression.

Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea
07:05

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea

Published on: November 9, 2016

25.1K

Strategies to decrease injection site pain in botulinum toxin therapy.

Lejla Paracka1, Katja Kollewe2, Florian Wegner2

  • 1Movement Disorders Section, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany. paracka.lejla@mh-hannover.de.

Journal of Neural Transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996)
|July 26, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Botulinum toxin injections cause pain. Nitrous oxide/oxygen, ice spray, and local anesthetic cream effectively reduce injection site pain, with nitrous oxide/oxygen showing the strongest effect.

Keywords:
AnalgesiaForearm ischaemiaIce sprayInjection site painLocal anaesthetic creamNitrous oxide/oxygen

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: A Novel Cell Injection Method with Minimum Invasion
06:24

Author Spotlight: A Novel Cell Injection Method with Minimum Invasion

Published on: April 21, 2023

2.0K
Author Spotlight: Advancing Glioblastoma Treatment Through Intraarterial Delivery Strategies for Oncolytic Viruses and MicroRNAs
09:08

Author Spotlight: Advancing Glioblastoma Treatment Through Intraarterial Delivery Strategies for Oncolytic Viruses and MicroRNAs

Published on: March 15, 2024

3.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 26, 2026

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea
07:05

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea

Published on: November 9, 2016

25.1K
Author Spotlight: A Novel Cell Injection Method with Minimum Invasion
06:24

Author Spotlight: A Novel Cell Injection Method with Minimum Invasion

Published on: April 21, 2023

2.0K
Author Spotlight: Advancing Glioblastoma Treatment Through Intraarterial Delivery Strategies for Oncolytic Viruses and MicroRNAs
09:08

Author Spotlight: Advancing Glioblastoma Treatment Through Intraarterial Delivery Strategies for Oncolytic Viruses and MicroRNAs

Published on: March 15, 2024

3.1K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pain Management
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Botulinum toxin is widely used for various medical and cosmetic conditions.
  • Injections are necessary, leading to significant injection site pain.
  • Effective pain management is crucial for patient comfort and treatment adherence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy of different analgesic interventions for reducing botulinum toxin injection site pain.
  • To evaluate pain thresholds under various analgesic methods.
  • To determine the most effective interventions for specific indications.

Main Methods:

  • 13 healthy controls participated in the study.
  • Pain thresholds were measured using Mechanical Pain Threshold Test and Repetitive Pain Stimulation Test.
  • Interventions included nitrous oxide/oxygen, ice spray, local anesthetic cream, and forearm ischemia.

Main Results:

  • All tested interventions significantly elevated pain thresholds.
  • Nitrous oxide/oxygen demonstrated the strongest analgesic effect, particularly in the Repetitive Pain Stimulation Test.
  • Ice spray and local anesthetic cream were also effective, with specific benefits for hyperhidrosis and cosmetic treatments.

Conclusions:

  • Nitrous oxide/oxygen, ice spray, and local anesthetic cream are effective for managing injection site pain from botulinum toxin.
  • Nitrous oxide/oxygen offers potential advantages for intramuscular injections due to its systemic and prolonged effects.
  • Further research is needed to explore optimal strategies and combinations of interventions.