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Different smiles serve distinct social functions. This study reveals unique facial expressions for reward, affiliation, and dominance smiles, showing they convey specific social messages.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Nonverbal Communication
  • Facial Expression Analysis

Background:

  • Smiles are the most common human facial expression.
  • A social-functional perspective suggests smiles serve purposes like reward, affiliation, and dominance.
  • However, the specific physical characteristics differentiating these functional smiles are not well-defined.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the distinct facial expression patterns of reward, affiliation, and dominance smiles.
  • To determine if these smile types are distinguishable based on their physical features.
  • To investigate the social messages conveyed by these different functional smiles.

Main Methods:

  • A data-driven approach was used to model facial expressions associated with three functional smile types.
  • Bayesian-classifier analysis and a detection task were employed to assess distinctiveness.
  • Social judgments from a separate participant group were collected to evaluate conveyed social messages.

Main Results:

  • Reward smiles were characterized as symmetrical with eyebrow raising.
  • Affiliative smiles involved lip pressing.
  • Dominance smiles were asymmetrical, featuring nose wrinkling and upper-lip raising.
  • These three smile types were found to be highly distinct.
  • Different smile types were shown to convey different social messages.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides the first detailed description of the physical forms of reward, affiliation, and dominance smiles.
  • The findings demonstrate the distinctiveness and functional specificity of these smile types.
  • The research highlights the versatility of facial expressions in conveying complex social information.