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Related Concept Videos

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Preparation of Monodomain Liquid Crystal Elastomers and Liquid Crystal Elastomer Nanocomposites
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Side-chain liquid crystal conducting polymers.

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    Researchers integrated liquid crystalline properties into conducting polymers like polythiophene, polypyrrole, and polyaniline. This self-organization influences polymer properties, enabling new material applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Polymer Chemistry
    • Organic Electronics

    Background:

    • Conjugated polymers possess unique electrical and optical properties.
    • Liquid crystals exhibit self-organizing behavior.
    • Integrating these functionalities offers novel material characteristics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review research on incorporating liquid crystalline functionalities into conjugated polymers.
    • To explore how self-organization influences polymer properties.
    • To discuss potential applications of these hybrid materials.

    Main Methods:

    • Attaching polarisable aromatic mesogens to monomers via flexible spacers to form side-chains.
    • Utilizing the self-organising properties of liquid crystals.
    • Investigating the effects on polymer backbone structure.

    Main Results:

    • Liquid crystalline functionalities can be successfully incorporated into polymers like polythiophene, polypyrrole, and polyaniline.
    • The self-organization of liquid crystals influences the conducting polymer backbone.
    • Control over electrical, magnetic, and mechanical properties is achieved.

    Conclusions:

    • Combining liquid crystals and conjugated polymers creates materials with tunable properties.
    • This approach offers pathways to advanced functional materials.
    • Potential applications in various fields are highlighted.