Environmentally stable interface of layered oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries

Sodium-ion batteries are strategically pivotal to achieving large-scale energy storage. Layered oxides, especially manganese-based oxides, are the most popular cathodes due to their high reversible capacity and use of earth-abundant elements. However, less noticed is the fact that the interface of layered cathodes always suffers from atmospheric and electrochemical corrosion, leading to severely diminished electrochemical properties. Herein, we demonstrate an environmentally stable interface via the superficial concentration of titanium, which not only overcomes the above limitations, but also presents unique surface chemical/electrochemical properties. The results show that the atomic-scale interface is composed of spinel-like titanium (III) oxides, enhancing the structural/electrochemical stability and electronic/ionic conductivity. Consequently, the interface-engineered electrode shows excellent cycling performance among all layered manganese-based cathodes, as well as high-energy density. Our findings highlight the significance of a stable interface and, moreover, open opportunities for the design of well-tailored cathode materials for sodium storage.The interface of layered cathodes for sodium ion batteries is subject to atmospheric and electrochemical corrosions. Here, the authors demonstrate an environmentally stable interface via titanium enriched surface reconstruction in a layered manganese-based oxide.