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Related Concept Videos

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

768
The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management01:21

Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management

419
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
419
Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management01:20

Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management

370
AssessmentA comprehensive assessment is essential in managing a patient with rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Begin with obtaining a detailed medical history, including recent streptococcal infections, a history of rheumatic fever, or previously diagnosed rheumatic heart disease. Assess the patient for symptoms such as fever, chest pain, widespread joint pain (arthralgia), tachycardia, pericardial friction rub, muffled heart sounds, heart murmurs, peripheral edema, subcutaneous nodules, and...
370
Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

Myocarditis I: Introduction

478
Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
478
Endocarditis I: Introduction01:25

Endocarditis I: Introduction

590
Introduction:Endocarditis is the infection of the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart and its valves. When the heart muscle is involved, the condition is termed myocarditis, while an infection of the outer lining is called pericarditis. Infective endocarditis (IE) primarily affects the endocardium, where pathogens adhere to the valves or lining, forming vegetation that can lead to severe complications. Infective endocarditis occurs when microorganisms, usually bacteria from other body...
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Visualization of Streptococcus pneumoniae within Cardiac Microlesions and Subsequent Cardiac Remodeling
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Rheumatic Heart Disease: Pathogenesis and Vaccine.

L Guilherme1,2, S Freschi de Barros1,2, K F Kohler1,2

  • 1Heart Institute (InCor), Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Current Protein & Peptide Science
|July 27, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease stem from untreated S. pyogenes infections in genetically susceptible children, triggering autoimmune responses. This review explores susceptibility genes, molecular mimicry, and potential vaccine strategies.

Keywords:
M proteinRheumatic feverT and B lymphocytesanti-S. pyogenes vaccinecytokinesgenesheart-tissue proteinsrheumatic heart disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Cardiology

Background:

  • Rheumatic fever (RF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) are serious sequelae of untreated Group A Streptococcus (S. pyogenes) throat infections.
  • Genetic predisposition plays a crucial role in the development of autoimmune reactions following S. pyogenes infection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the genetic factors conferring susceptibility to RF and RHD.
  • To elucidate the autoimmune mechanisms, particularly molecular mimicry between human proteins and streptococcal M protein.
  • To discuss current perspectives on vaccine development for disease prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on genetic susceptibility and autoimmune mechanisms in RF/RHD.
  • Analysis of molecular mimicry between S. pyogenes M protein and human tissue antigens.
  • Exploration of vaccine development strategies.

Main Results:

  • Specific genes are associated with increased risk of developing RF and RHD.
  • Molecular mimicry involving streptococcal M protein is a key driver of autoimmune responses.
  • Clinical manifestations include polyarthritis, carditis, severe valve damage, and Sydenham's chorea.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding genetic susceptibility and autoimmune pathways is critical for preventing RF and RHD.
  • Vaccine development targeting S. pyogenes holds promise for primary prevention of these debilitating diseases.