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There have been five major extinction events throughout geological history, resulting in the elimination of biodiversity, followed by a rebound of species that adapted to the new conditions. In the current geological epoch, the Holocene, there is a sixth extinction event in progress. This mass extinction has been attributed to human activities and is thus provisionally called the Anthropocene. In 2019 the human population reached 7.7 billion people and is projected to comprise 10 billion by...
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Updated: Feb 25, 2026

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear
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Is De-extinction Special?

Henry T Greely

    The Hastings Center Report
    |July 27, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary

    De-extinction is not a unique scientific endeavor. Revived species are essentially genetically modified organisms, raising similar concerns. Focus should be on regulating powerful new biotechnologies, not just de-extinction applications.

    Area of Science:

    • Bioscience and Biotechnology
    • Conservation Biology
    • Bioethics

    Background:

    • De-extinction efforts have gained traction since 2012.
    • CRISPR-Cas9 is a revolutionary gene-editing tool.
    • The ethical implications of de-extinction require careful consideration.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To critically evaluate the distinctiveness of de-extinction.
    • To compare de-extinction with other genetically modified organisms.
    • To assess the broader implications of advanced biotechnologies.

    Main Methods:

    • Conceptual analysis of de-extinction.
    • Comparison with genetically modified organism (GMO) frameworks.
    • Review of CRISPR-Cas9 capabilities and applications.

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    Main Results:

    • De-extinction is largely comparable to other genetically modified organisms.
    • New biotechnologies offer unprecedented power to alter the biosphere.
    • De-extinction represents a minor application of these powerful technologies.

    Conclusions:

    • De-extinction is not fundamentally special compared to other GMOs.
    • The primary concern should be the regulation of powerful new biotechnologies.
    • Broader ethical and regulatory frameworks are needed for biosphere-altering technologies.