Normal neuroanatomical variants that may be misinterpreted as disease entities

Variations of normal development and benign incidental anomalies are frequently observed on diagnostic neuroimaging. It is important these are recognised for what they are, as misinterpretation may result in unnecessary further investigation, follow-up imaging and anxiety. In this article, we review benign intracranial anomalies commonly referred to our unit for specialist neuroradiology advice or multidisciplinary discussion, concerning cysts of the pineal gland and pituitary fossa, vascular anomalies, and perivascular spaces. This article outlines the embryology and development, the various imaging features as well as the clinical relevance and differential diagnoses of each normal neuroanatomical variant.