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Related Concept Videos

Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction01:30

Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction

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Esophageal strictures involve abnormal narrowing or tightening of the esophagus. They vary in length and severity, ranging from mild constriction to complete obstruction, and are classified as benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Etiology
The primary cause of esophageal strictures is long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), accounting for about 70 to 80% of adult cases. Chronic acid reflux can lead to injury and scarring of the esophageal lining, culminating in...
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Esophagus01:24

Esophagus

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The esophagus, a muscular conduit linking the pharynx and stomach, measures roughly 10 inches (25.4 cm) and sits behind the trachea. It remains collapsed when not swallowing. The esophagus follows a predominantly straight path through the thoracic mediastinum and enters the abdominal cavity through a diaphragmatic opening known as the esophageal hiatus.
The movement of edibles from the pharynx into the esophagus is facilitated by the upper esophageal sphincter, which is formed primarily by the...
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Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:21

Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

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Individuals with Barrett's esophagus are often asymptomatic, but they may experience symptoms commonly associated with GERD, such as heartburn and acid regurgitation. Additional symptoms can include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, unintentional weight loss, blood in the stool (which may appear black, tarry, or bloody), and episodes of vomiting.
To diagnose Barrett's esophagus, healthcare providers often recommend an endoscopy for those showing symptoms of acid reflux. The procedure...
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Barrett Esophagus-I: Introduction01:21

Barrett Esophagus-I: Introduction

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Barrett's esophagus is a medical condition where the esophageal mucosa is significantly damaged by stomach acid or other digestive fluids, often due to long-term exposure associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). In GERD, a weakened or abnormally relaxed lower esophageal sphincter allows stomach acid to flow persistently into the esophagus.
This constant acid exposure transforms the esophagus's pink mucosal lining (stratified squamous epithelium) into a type of lining more...
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Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management01:26

Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management

761
Patients with esophageal strictures often experience a range of symptoms. Initially, they may have difficulty swallowing solid foods, which can progress to include liquids. Additional symptoms may involve chest pain or discomfort, regurgitating food and fluids, heartburn, unintentional weight loss, coughing or choking during meals, and hoarseness.
Healthcare providers should gather a comprehensive medical history and conduct a physical examination for diagnosis. If esophageal stricture is...
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Esophageal Perforation-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:28

Esophageal Perforation-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

831
Esophageal perforations manifest in various clinical forms, influenced by factors such as the perforation's cause and location (cervical, intrathoracic, or intra-abdominal), the extent of contamination, and potential injury to adjacent mediastinal structures. The timing between the perforation occurrence and treatment initiation also affects the clinical presentation.
Clinical Manifestations:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 25, 2026

Modeling Oral-Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in 3D Organoids
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Oesophageal cancer.

Elizabeth C Smyth1, Jesper Lagergren2,3, Rebecca C Fitzgerald4

  • 1Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ, UK.

Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
|July 28, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Oesophageal cancer, a major global health challenge, includes distinct subtypes like oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC). This review covers their biology, treatment, and emerging therapies for improved patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Oesophageal cancer is a significant cause of cancer mortality globally.
  • Key subtypes, oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC), exhibit distinct epidemiological and biological characteristics.
  • Preneoplastic lesions for both subtypes are identifiable and treatable with endoscopic therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the current understanding of oesophageal cancer biology and treatment.
  • To discuss state-of-the-art knowledge including screening, endoscopic therapies, and novel molecular targets.
  • To outline best practices in chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, surgery, and supportive care for patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on oesophageal cancer.
  • Synthesis of information on epidemiology, biology, and treatment modalities.
  • Discussion of emerging therapeutic strategies, including immuno-oncology.

Main Results:

  • OSCC is the predominant subtype globally, prevalent in specific regions.
  • OAC is more common in developed nations.
  • Advanced/metastatic oesophageal cancer treatment involves palliative chemotherapy, with targeted options like trastuzumab for HER2-positive cases and promising immuno-oncology approaches.

Conclusions:

  • Early detection and endoscopic treatment of preneoplastic lesions are crucial.
  • Multimodal treatment approaches including chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, and surgery are standard for most patients.
  • Emerging therapies like immuno-oncology offer new hope for oesophageal cancer patients.