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Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
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Glucose Uptake Measurement and Response to Insulin Stimulation in In Vitro Cultured Human Primary Myotubes
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Polyphenols activate energy sensing network in insulin resistant models.

Radika Mutlur Krishnamoorthy1, Anuradha Carani Venkatraman1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608002, Tamil Nadu, India.

Chemico-Biological Interactions
|July 29, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Natural compounds naringenin and quercetin can help prevent insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D) by targeting key energy-sensing molecules. These polyphenols restore glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) function, crucial for managing T2D.

Keywords:
Energy sensing networkHigh fructose dietInsulin resistanceL6 myotubesMolecular dockingSkeletal muscle

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Area of Science:

  • Metabolic disorders
  • Nutritional science
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Unhealthy diets high in calories and fructose contribute to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D).
  • Energy homeostasis is regulated by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), SIRT1, and PGC-1α, pathways disrupted in T2D.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of naringenin and quercetin on energy-sensing molecules in models of insulin resistance.
  • To explore the potential of natural compounds in preventing T2D.

Main Methods:

  • Insulin resistance was induced in L6 myotubes (using palmitate) and Wistar rats (using fructose).
  • Cells and rats were treated with naringenin, quercetin, or metformin.
  • Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation, AMPK phosphorylation, and SIRT1/PGC-1α expression were measured.

Main Results:

  • Palmitate and fructose treatments induced insulin resistance, shown by reduced GLUT4 translocation.
  • Naringenin and quercetin treatments increased GLUT4 translocation, AMPK phosphorylation, and SIRT1/PGC-1α expression.
  • Naringenin and quercetin demonstrated binding affinity with energy-sensing molecules.

Conclusions:

  • Naringenin and quercetin can improve insulin sensitivity by modulating energy-sensing pathways.
  • Natural compounds targeting energy-sensing molecules show promise for preventing insulin resistance and T2D.