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Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
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Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
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The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations based in Geneva. The WHO has many initiatives that center around health. Primarily, they lead global efforts to expand universal health coverage using science-based policies and programs. They are also responsible for shaping health research agendas and developing norms and standards.
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Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

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Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
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The WFSA Global Anesthesia Workforce Survey.

Peter Kempthorne1, Wayne W Morriss, Jannicke Mellin-Olsen

  • 1From the *Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand; †World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists, London, United Kingdom; ‡Department of Anaesthesia, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand; and §Baerum Hospital, Sandvika, Norway.

Anesthesia and Analgesia
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Summary

Globally, 5 billion people lack safe anesthesia due to critical shortages in anesthesia providers. Over 136,000 more physician anesthesia providers (PAPs) are urgently needed to reach minimum global standards.

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Area of Science:

  • Global Health
  • Anesthesiology Workforce
  • Healthcare Access

Background:

  • Safe anesthesia and surgical care remain inaccessible to 5 billion people worldwide.
  • Significant global deficiencies exist in the specialist surgical and anesthesia workforce.
  • Data on the global anesthesia provider workforce have been historically lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a comprehensive global survey of physician anesthesia providers (PAPs) and non-physician anesthesia providers (NPAPs).
  • To collect detailed data on the numbers, distribution, and training of anesthesia providers worldwide.
  • To identify disparities in anesthesia workforce density across different global regions and income groups.

Main Methods:

  • The World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists conducted a global workforce survey in 2015-2016.
  • Data were collected from 153 countries, representing 97.5% of the global population.
  • Information was categorized by World Health Organization regional groups and World Bank income groups.

Main Results:

  • Anesthesia provider density varied significantly, with 77 countries reporting fewer than 5 PAPs per 100,000 population.
  • Non-physician anesthesia providers (NPAPs) are crucial in resource-limited settings.
  • An estimated 136,000 additional PAPs are immediately required to meet a minimum global density of 5 per 100,000.

Conclusions:

  • The survey represents the most comprehensive analysis of the global anesthesia workforce to date.
  • An interim goal of 5 specialist physician anesthesia providers per 100,000 population is recommended.
  • Substantial increases in training for both PAPs and NPAPs are necessary to achieve universal safe anesthesia by 2030.