Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis, the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.

Standing Waves in a Cavity

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:

Continuous Charge Distributions

Continuous Charge Distributions

Imagine a bucket of water. It contains many molecules, of the order of 1026 molecules. Thus, although it contains discrete elements (molecules) at the microscopic level, macroscopically, it can be considered continuous. Small volume elements of water, infinitesimal compared to the bulk of the bucket's volume, still contain many molecules. Under this framework, quantized matter is approximated as continuous for practical purposes.
The electric charge can also be subjected to an analogical...

Energy Associated With a Charge Distribution

Energy Associated With a Charge Distribution

The work done to bring a charge through a distance r is given by the potential difference between the initial and the final position. To assemble a collection of point charges, the total work done can be expressed in terms of the product of each pair of charges divided by their separation distance, defined with respect to a suitable origin. Solving this expression gives the energy stored in a point charge distribution.

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.

Ampere-Maxwell's Law: Problem-Solving

Ampere-Maxwell's Law: Problem-Solving

A parallel-plate capacitor with capacitance C, whose plates have area A and separation distance d, is connected to a resistor R and a battery of voltage V. The current starts to flow at t = 0. What is the displacement current between the capacitor plates at time t? From the properties of the capacitor, what is the corresponding real current?
To solve the problem, we can use the equations from the analysis of an RC circuit and Maxwell's version of Ampère's law.
For the first part of the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Black Hole Spectroscopy and Tests of General Relativity with GW250114.

Physical review letters·2026

Same author

GW250114: Testing Hawking's Area Law and the Kerr Nature of Black Holes.

Physical review letters·2025

Same author

In-vitro puncture experiment using alligator teeth tracks the formation of dental microwear and its association with hardness of the diet.

Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)·2025

Same author

Recognition of hand disinfection by an alcohol-containing gel using two-dimensional imaging in a clinical setting.

The Journal of hospital infection·2023

Same author

Detection of current-sheet and bipolar ion flows in a self-generated antiparallel magnetic field of laser-produced plasmas for magnetic reconnection research.

Physical review. E·2022

Same author

Author Correction: Direct observations of pure electron outflow in magnetic reconnection.

Scientific reports·2022

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 25, 2026

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

Nonclassical Photon Number Distribution in a Superconducting Cavity under a Squeezed Drive.

S Kono¹, Y Masuyama¹, T Ishikawa¹

¹Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan.

Physical Review Letters

|July 29, 2017

Summary

Researchers used a superconducting qubit to detect nonclassical microwave photons. The experiment revealed an even-odd photon number oscillation, confirming the nonclassical nature of light.

More Related Videos

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Published on: March 30, 2017

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities

Published on: November 30, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 25, 2026

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Published on: March 30, 2017

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities

Published on: November 30, 2012

Area of Science:

Quantum optics
Circuit quantum electrodynamics
Superconducting quantum circuits

Background:

Superconducting qubits are sensitive probes of microwave photons.
The strong dispersive regime reveals photon number information via qubit spectral splitting.
Nonclassical light states are crucial for quantum information processing.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the photon number distribution of a cavity driven by squeezed vacuum.
To demonstrate the nonclassical nature of the generated microwave field.
To utilize a superconducting qubit as a photon-number-resolving detector.

Main Methods:

Continuous driving of a cavity with squeezed vacuum generated by a Josephson parametric amplifier.
Measuring the superconducting qubit spectrum in the cavity.
Fitting the qubit spectrum to a model accounting for finite excitation power.

Main Results:

The qubit spectrum exhibited peaks corresponding to discrete photon numbers (ac Stark shift).
The determined photon number distribution showed an even-odd oscillation.
The results quantitatively satisfied Klyshko's criterion for nonclassicality.

Conclusions:

The superconducting qubit effectively probed the nonclassical state of microwave photons.
Even-odd photon number oscillations are a signature of nonclassical states.
This method provides a robust way to verify nonclassicality in microwave fields.