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This study tested the semantic hypothesis on directional effects in double conditional reasoning. Experiments confirmed that the role of premises (relatum vs. target) predicts the direction of reasoning, supporting the hypothesis.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Linguistics
  • Logic

Background:

  • Conditional reasoning is fundamental to human cognition.
  • Double conditionals present unique challenges in understanding directional effects.
  • The semantic hypothesis offers an explanation based on inherent relational directionality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To empirically test the predictions of the semantic hypothesis regarding directional effects in double conditionals.
  • To investigate how the roles of end-terms (relatum and target) influence reasoning direction.
  • To determine if directional effects align with the proposed semantic framework.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a construction task to elicit reasoning patterns in double conditionals.
  • Designed experiments manipulating the placement of the relatum in the premises.
  • Collected and analyzed participant responses to identify directional biases.

Main Results:

  • Confirmed the prediction of a forward directional effect (A to C) when the relatum is in the first premise.
  • Confirmed the prediction of a backward directional effect (C to A) when the relatum is in the second premise.
  • Found no significant directional effect when both or neither end-term acted as the relatum.

Conclusions:

  • The findings strongly support the semantic hypothesis's explanation of directional effects in double conditionals.
  • The inherent directionality of relations, as defined by relatum/target roles, is a key factor in conditional reasoning.
  • The study validates the predictive power of the semantic hypothesis in cognitive tasks.