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Blood Pressure

Blood Pressure

The movement of blood in a human body, commonly referred to as blood flow, is determined by the volume of blood that traverses a certain section of the bodily system per unit time. It is the rhythmic contraction of the heart's ventricles that primarily instigates this movement. As the ventricles contract, blood is forced into the prominent arteries, which then flow from areas of greater pressure to lower pressure areas. This movement continues into smaller arteries and arterioles and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 25, 2026

Measuring Ascending Aortic Stiffness In Vivo in Mice Using Ultrasound

Measuring Ascending Aortic Stiffness In Vivo in Mice Using Ultrasound

Published on: December 2, 2014

Evolution of aortic pressure during normal ageing: A model-based study.

Stamatia Pagoulatou¹, Nikolaos Stergiopulos¹

¹Laboratory of Hemodynamics and Cardiovascular Technology, Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.

|July 29, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Ageing arteries stiffen, increasing systolic blood pressure (SBP) and pulse pressure (PP). Our model shows the forward pressure wave, driven by aortic stiffening, is the primary cause of this age-related rise in blood pressure.

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Published on: October 6, 2022

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Physiology
Biomedical Engineering
Gerontology

Background:

Age-related increases in pulse pressure (PP) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) are linked to wave reflections.
However, proximal aortic stiffening and forward wave augmentation are also significant contributors.
The precise roles of forward and reflected waves in essential hypertension remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To simulate arterial and cardiac aging using a 1D mathematical model.
To evaluate the progression of systolic and pulse pressure during normal aging.

Main Methods:

A 1D model of the arterial tree was enhanced with turbulence and inertial effects.
Literature data on age-related changes in arterial stiffness, peripheral resistance, and cardiac contractility were incorporated.
Simulations predicted pressure and augmentation index evolution with age.

Main Results:

Model predictions closely matched large-scale clinical study data.
Analysis revealed the forward wave as the main driver of increased SBP and PP with age.
The stiffening of the proximal aorta significantly augments the forward pressure wave.

Conclusions:

The 1D model accurately represents age-related changes in central blood pressure.
Proximal aortic stiffening and forward wave augmentation are key factors in age-related systolic pressure increases.