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Updated: Feb 25, 2026

Isolation and Functional Assessment of Human Breast Cancer Stem Cells from Cell and Tissue Samples
Published on: October 2, 2020
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Breast Cancer
Susanne Schüler-Toprak1, Oliver Treeck2, Olaf Ortmann3
1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Caritas-Hospital St. Josef, 93053 Regensburg, Germany. sschueler@caritasstjosef.de.
Pregnancy protects against breast cancer, potentially mediated by human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Placental HCG has anti-tumor effects, while ectopic β-HCG promotes cancer, suggesting HCG therapy for prevention and β-HCG targeting for treatment.
Area of Science:
- Endocrinology
- Oncology
- Molecular Biology
Background:
- Breast cancer development is influenced by female hormones.
- Pregnancy is a known protective factor against breast cancer.
- Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is a hormone produced during pregnancy and a potential mediator of this protective effect.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review original research on the role of HCG in breast cancer.
- To elucidate the paradoxical effects of HCG in breast tumorigenesis.
- To explore therapeutic strategies based on HCG's dual role.
Main Methods:
- Systematic review of English-language articles from PubMed.
- Analysis of studies investigating placental HCG and ectopically expressed β-HCG in breast cancer.
- Evaluation of HCG's impact on cellular differentiation, apoptosis, and growth inhibition.
Main Results:
- Placental HCG exhibits protective effects, promoting mammary gland differentiation and inhibiting malignant transformation.
- Ectopic expression of β-HCG in cancer is associated with poor prognosis and tumor promotion.
- Placental HCG and ectopically expressed β-HCG have opposing roles in breast cancer development.
Conclusions:
- HCG has a dual role in breast cancer: protective when naturally produced during pregnancy and potentially oncogenic when expressed ectopically.
- Mimicking pregnancy with HCG therapy could be a strategy for breast cancer prevention.
- Targeting β-HCG in tumor cells may offer a therapeutic approach for breast cancer treatment.
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