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Review: Structure, function and evolution of GnIH.

Kazuyoshi Tsutsui¹, Tomohiro Osugi², You Lee Son¹

¹Laboratory of Integrative Brain Sciences, Department of Biology and Center for Medical Life Science, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan.

General and Comparative Endocrinology

|July 30, 2017

Summary

This study explores the evolutionary origins of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH), a key neuropeptide. Investigating ancient vertebrates and basal chordates reveals GnIH

Keywords:

Agnathan Chordate Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH)Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)Gonadotropins Molecular evolution Neuropeptide FF (NPFF)RFamide peptides Reproduction

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Area of Science:

Neuroendocrinology
Evolutionary Biology
Comparative Physiology

Background:

RFamide peptides, characterized by the Arg-Phe-NH2 motif, are crucial in nervous systems.
Vertebrate RFamide peptides include GnIH, NPFF, PrRP, kisspeptin, and QRFP, regulating diverse functions.
Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) was discovered in 2000 and modulates reproductive physiology and behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the evolutionary origin of GnIH.
To examine the existence of GnIH in agnathans and basal chordates.
To provide insights into the early evolution of GnIH and its functions.

Main Methods:

Literature review summarizing GnIH and RFamide peptide structure and function in vertebrates.
Comparative analysis of GnIH in agnathans (jawless fish) and basal chordates (tunicates, amphioxus).
Evolutionary tracing of GnIH based on findings in ancient vertebrate and chordate lineages.

Main Results:

RFamide peptides are conserved across vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems.
GnIH homologues are present in ancient vertebrate lineages like agnathans.
Evidence suggests GnIH existed in early chordates, indicating deep evolutionary roots.

Conclusions:

GnIH has ancient origins, predating the divergence of major vertebrate groups.
The study clarifies the evolutionary trajectory of GnIH from basal chordates to modern vertebrates.
Understanding GnIH evolution provides context for its neuroendocrine roles across species.