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Sublethal pH decrease may cause genetic damage to eukaryotic cell: a study on sea urchins and Salmonella typhimurium.

M Cipollaro, G Corsale, A Esposito

    Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis
    |January 1, 1986
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Sublethal decreases in pH can harm sea urchin development and cell division, even when sperm are not directly affected. Acidification impairs mitotic activity and differentiation, highlighting environmental risks.

    Area of Science:

    • Marine Biology
    • Developmental Biology
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Sublethal pH decreases pose potential risks to marine organisms.
    • Previous studies indicated genetic and developmental damage from acidification.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the effects of inorganic acids on sea urchin embryos and sperm.
    • To assess the impact of acidification on mitotic activity and cell differentiation.
    • To evaluate the mutagenic potential of acidification in Salmonella typhimurium.

    Main Methods:

    • Exposure of sea urchin (Sphaerechinus granularis, Paracentrotus lividus) embryos and sperm to varying pH levels using HCl, H2SO4, and H3PO4.
    • Testing for spontaneous reversion to prototrophy in Salmonella typhimurium strains under different pH conditions.

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  • Insemination of eggs with acid-exposed sperm to evaluate offspring development.

    • Main Results:

    • Acidification induced developmental and mitotic abnormalities in sea urchin embryos.
    • Embryotoxicity was more severe with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) than with hydrochloric (HCl) or sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
    • Mitotic abnormalities were observed at pH ≤ 6.5, irrespective of the acid used.
    • Acid-exposed sperm, when used for fertilization, resulted in offspring with abnormalities, but spermiotoxicity was not observed.
    • Salmonella typhimurium showed no changes in reversion rates across tested pH ranges.

    Conclusions:

    • Extracellular acidification can cause sublethal damage in marine invertebrates.
    • Impaired mitotic activity and cell differentiation are key consequences of sublethal pH decrease.
    • Acidification's impact on development is significant, while its mutagenic potential in bacteria was not demonstrated in this study.