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Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Cellular Differentiation00:57

Cellular Differentiation

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How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
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Updated: Feb 25, 2026

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Chemical reprogramming and transdifferentiation.

Xin Xie1, Yanbin Fu2, Jian Liu3

  • 1CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
|July 30, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Small molecule compounds offer a safer, more controllable alternative for somatic cell reprogramming and transdifferentiation, advancing cell therapies and drug screening with fewer safety concerns.

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Area of Science:

  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Cell Biology
  • Chemical Biology

Background:

  • Somatic cell reprogramming/transdifferentiation technologies are crucial for cell replacement therapies and drug screening.
  • Traditional methods using exogenous transcription factors raise safety concerns due to potential genome integration.
  • Alternative strategies aim to avoid genetic alteration, including non-integrating gene delivery, cell-permeable proteins, and small molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in chemical reprogramming/transdifferentiation using small molecules.
  • To discuss the advantages and challenges of small molecule-based reprogramming for future applications.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on small molecule compounds as a method for somatic cell reprogramming/transdifferentiation.
  • Review of literature on recent achievements in chemical reprogramming.

Main Results:

  • Small molecule compounds offer advantages like structural versatility and precise temporal/concentration control.
  • Small molecules have a long history of use as therapeutic drugs, suggesting greater clinical acceptability.
  • Significant progress has been made in inducing pluripotent or functional differentiated cells from somatic cells using small molecules.

Conclusions:

  • Small molecule-driven chemical reprogramming presents a promising, potentially safer approach for regenerative medicine and drug discovery.
  • Further research is needed to address challenges and optimize small molecule strategies for clinical translation.