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Related Concept Videos

Series R—L Circuit Transients01:22

Series R—L Circuit Transients

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In a series resistor-inductor (R-L) circuit, closing the switch at the start of the time period simulates a three-phase short circuit, a fault condition where all three phases of an unloaded synchronous machine are short-circuited. When there is no fault impedance and no initial current, the initial voltage is determined by the phase angle of the source voltage.
Using Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) to analyze this circuit helps determine the total asymmetrical fault current, which consists...
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RC Circuits: Discharging A Capacitor01:27

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One of the applications of an RC circuit is the relaxation oscillator. The relaxation oscillator comprises a voltage source, a capacitor, a resistor, and a neon lamp. The lamp acts like an open circuit (infinite resistance) until the potential difference across the neon lamp reaches a specific voltage. At that voltage, the lamp acts like a short circuit (zero resistance), and the capacitor discharges through the neon lamp and produces light. Once the capacitor is fully discharged through the...
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Applications of RC Circuits01:22

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A relaxation oscillator is one of the applications of RC circuits. A neon lamp relaxation oscillator comprises a capacitor, a resistor, a voltage source, and a lamp. The lamp acts like an open circuit, with infinite resistance until the potential difference across the lamp reaches a specific voltage. At that voltage, the lamp acts like a short circuit with zero resistance, and the capacitor discharges through the lamp, thus producing light. Once the capacitor is fully discharged through the...
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An electrical network is a system composed of interconnected elements, such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and voltage or current sources. Unlike a circuit, an electrical network does not necessarily form a closed path. In other words, while all circuits can be considered networks due to their interconnected nature, not every network qualifies as a circuit.
A circuit, on the other hand, is also an interconnected system of electrical elements but must contain one or more closed paths.
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Three-Phase Short Circuit—Unloaded Synchronous Machine01:21

Three-Phase Short Circuit—Unloaded Synchronous Machine

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Conducting a three-phase short circuit test on an unloaded synchronous machine helps understand its impact on the system. The AC fault current's oscillogram, with the DC offset removed, reveals that the waveform amplitude decreases from an initially high value to a steady-state level for one phase of the machine.
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First-Order Circuits01:15

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First-order electrical circuits, which comprise resistors and a single energy storage element - either a capacitor or an inductor, are fundamental to many electronic systems. These circuits are governed by a first-order differential equation that describes the relationship between input and output signals.
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Updated: Feb 25, 2026

Protocol for Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with Symptom Provocation to Treat Obsessive-compulsive Disorder
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Back to the Future: Circuit-testing TS & OCD.

Frank H Burton1

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0217, USA; Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Hennepin County Medical Center, 701 Park Ave, Shapiro S3.111, Minneapolis, MN 55415-1623, USA.

Journal of Neuroscience Methods
|July 31, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early circuit-testing in mice revealed brain circuits involved in tics and compulsions. Modern optogenetics and chemogenetics further illuminate these pathways, offering precision targets for future therapies.

Keywords:
ChemogeneticCompulsionGlutamateOptogeneticTouretteTransgenic

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • The first behavioral circuit-test, predating optogenetics, modulated brain circuits to study tics and compulsions.
  • Cholera toxin-derived genes were used to alter glutamatergic neurons in cortico/amygdalo-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize findings from early circuit-testing and modern chemogenetic/optogenetic studies on tics and compulsions.
  • To identify specific neural circuits and neuronal populations involved in Tourette Syndrome (TS) and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical and contemporary research utilizing genetic modulation of neural circuits.
  • Application of chemogenetic and optogenetic techniques to investigate the role of specific neuronal populations in tics and compulsions.
  • Analysis of the functional roles of corticostriatal and amygdalar glutamatergic output neurons, striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs), and their dopaminergic/histaminergic modulatory inputs.

Main Results:

  • Early studies established a precedent for genetically manipulating brain circuits to study complex behaviors like tics and compulsions.
  • Current research confirms the critical involvement of specific glutamatergic output neurons and striatal pathways in these behaviors.
  • Converging dopaminergic and histaminergic afferents play a significant modulatory role in the circuit function related to tics and compulsions.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the intricate neural circuitry of tics and compulsions is crucial for developing effective treatments.
  • Identifying precise circuit targets, such as "dopamine bypasses," holds promise for future therapeutic interventions.
  • This research highlights the importance of revisiting and building upon foundational circuit-mapping studies for translational neuroscience.