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Related Concept Videos

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

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A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...
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Raman Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

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The underlying principle of Raman spectroscopy is based on the interaction between light and matter, specifically molecules' inelastic scattering of photons. When a monochromatic beam of light, typically from a laser source, interacts with a sample, most scattered light has the same frequency as the incident light. This is known as Rayleigh scattering.
However, a small fraction of the scattered light exhibits a frequency shift due to the exchange of energy between the incident photons and...
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A Multimodal Wide-Field Fourier-Transform Raman Microscope
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Raman Microspectroscopic Mapping with Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) Applied to

Joseph P Smith1, Frank C Smith2, Joshua Ottaway1

  • 11 Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, USA.

Applied Spectroscopy
|August 1, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Titanium dioxide II (TiO2-II), a high-pressure mineral, was found in ancient spherule layers, providing physical evidence of asteroid impacts. This discovery aids in correlating layers and understanding impact events.

Keywords:
MCR-ALSRamanRaman microspectroscopic mappingTiO2TiO2-IIchemical imagingchemometrichigh-pressure polymorphmultivariate curve resolution–alternating least squaresspectroscopytitanium dioxide

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Area of Science:

  • Geochemistry
  • Mineralogy
  • Planetary Science

Background:

  • Neoarchean spherule layers (2.65–2.54 billion years ago) are interpreted as distal impact ejecta.
  • The high-pressure polymorph titanium dioxide II (TiO2-II) has been identified in these spherule layers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate TiO2-II-bearing grains from Neoarchean spherule layers.
  • To characterize the distribution and chemical phases within these grains using advanced spectroscopic techniques.
  • To provide physical evidence supporting the impact origin of these spherule layers.

Main Methods:

  • Raman microspectroscopic mapping combined with multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS).
  • Principal component analysis (PCA) for phase identification.
  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for grain morphology analysis.

Main Results:

  • Raman spectra confirmed the presence of rutile (TiO2) and TiO2-II, with characteristic bands identified.
  • MCR-ALS analysis resolved up to five distinct chemical components, including three TiO2 phases (rutile, TiO2-II, anatase), quartz, and epoxy.
  • Spatially resolved chemical maps were generated, enhancing the understanding of mineral distribution within heterogeneous grains.

Conclusions:

  • The presence of shock-induced TiO2-II provides strong physical evidence for an impact origin of the Neoarchean spherule layers.
  • The detailed characterization of TiO2-II distribution can aid in correlating these layers and estimating paleodistances from impact craters.
  • The study successfully estimated a pure Raman spectrum for TiO2-II, facilitating its future identification.