Proteogenomic Review of the Changes in Primate apoC-I during Evolution

Apolipoprotein C-I has evolved more rapidly than any of the other soluble apolipoproteins. During the course of primate evolution, the gene for this apolipoprotein was duplicated. Prompted by our observation that the two resulting genes encode two distinct forms of apoC-I in great apes, we have reviewed both the genomic and proteomic data to examine what changes have occurred during the course of primate evolution. We have found data showing that one of the duplicated genes, known to be a pseudogene in humans, was also a pseudogene in Denisovans and Neandertals. Using genomic and proteomic data for primates, we will provide in this review evidence that the duplication took place after the divergence of New World monkeys from the human lineage and that the formation of the pseudogene took place after the divergence of the bonobos and chimpanzees from the human lineage.