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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Immunotherapy in Gastrointestinal Cancers.

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Immunotherapy shows promise for gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, despite their poor immunogenicity. Checkpoint inhibitors are being investigated to improve outcomes for patients with GI tumors.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are a significant global health concern.
  • Immunotherapy, particularly checkpoint inhibitors, shows potential despite the historically poor immunogenicity of GI tumors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of immunotherapy for GI cancers.
  • To highlight findings in gastric, colorectal, and hepatocellular carcinomas.
  • To discuss pathological and molecular perspectives for biomarker identification and patient selection.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical trials and translational research in GI cancer immunotherapy.
  • Focus on immune-related mechanisms and immunotherapy agents.
  • Analysis of pathological and molecular data for biomarker discovery.

Main Results:

  • Preliminary results from checkpoint inhibitor trials in GI cancers are promising.
  • A strong biological rationale supports immunotherapy development in this field.
  • Ongoing research aims to identify predictive biomarkers for improved patient selection.

Conclusions:

  • Immunotherapy holds potential to positively impact the natural history of a subset of GI cancer patients.
  • Further research is needed to address unsolved issues and optimize patient outcomes and quality of life.