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Magnetic Fields

Magnetic Fields

A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
A magnetic field is defined by the force that a charged particle experiences...

Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....

Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis, the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...

Magnetic Field Of A Current Loop

Magnetic Field Of A Current Loop

Consider a circular loop with a radius a, that carries a current I. The magnetic field due to the current at an arbitrary point P along the axis of the loop can be calculated using the Biot-Savart law.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 25, 2026

Fabrication of Magnetic Nanostructures on Silicon Nitride Membranes for Magnetic Vortex Studies Using Transmission Microscopy Techniques

Fabrication of Magnetic Nanostructures on Silicon Nitride Membranes for Magnetic Vortex Studies Using Transmission Microscopy Techniques

Published on: July 2, 2018

Magnetization reversal in circular vortex dots of small radius.

M Goiriena-Goikoetxea¹, K Y Guslienko, M Rouco

¹Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures (BCMaterials), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Building 500, Derio, Spain. maite.goiriena@bcmaterials.net.

|August 1, 2017

Summary

This study reveals that small Permalloy nanodots exhibit classical vortex behavior, even with large vortex cores. This finding advances understanding of magnetic nanodots for spintronics and biomedical applications.

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Last Updated: Feb 25, 2026

Fabrication of Magnetic Nanostructures on Silicon Nitride Membranes for Magnetic Vortex Studies Using Transmission Microscopy Techniques

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Published on: July 2, 2018

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Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement

Optimized Setup and Protocol for Magnetic Domain Imaging with In Situ Hysteresis Measurement

Published on: November 7, 2017

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics
Nanotechnology

Background:

Permalloy (Ni80Fe20 alloy) nanodots are crucial for spintronic devices.
Understanding magnetic vortex behavior in small nanodots is essential for device optimization.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the magnetic behavior of small Permalloy nanodots (30-70 nm radii).
To analyze the influence of large vortex core sizes on magnetic properties.
To develop a model explaining magnetization reversal in these nanodots.

Main Methods:

Experimental measurement of hysteresis loops.
Magnetic force microscopy (MFM).
Micromagnetic simulations.
Development of an analytical model for magnetization reversal.

Main Results:

Observed classical vortex behavior (zero remanence, high-field lobes) in small nanodots.
Vortex core size was comparable to nanodot diameter.
Magnetization states showed a mix of vortex, single domain, and skyrmion-like features.
Analytical model showed good agreement with experimental data.

Conclusions:

The study extends the understanding of magnetic nanodots beyond classical vortex concepts.
Findings are applicable to improving spintronic devices like spin-torque nano-oscillators.
Demonstrates feasibility of well-defined vortex configurations in sub-100 nm dots for biomedical applications.