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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

2.8K
When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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What is the Immune System?01:38

What is the Immune System?

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Overview
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 25, 2026

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
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Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells

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Autoreactive T cells in type 1 diabetes.

Alberto Pugliese

    The Journal of Clinical Investigation
    |August 2, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary

    Type 1 diabetes involves autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells by T cells. Research highlights novel neoepitope targets and shared T cell receptor sequences in patients, offering potential for new therapies.

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Endocrinology
    • Pathology

    Background:

    • Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune condition characterized by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
    • Autoreactive T cells are the primary mediators responsible for beta cell loss in T1D.
    • Understanding T cell responses is crucial for developing effective T1D treatments.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review recent advancements in understanding autoreactive T cells in Type 1 diabetes.
    • To explore the role of neoepitopes as potential targets in T1D pathogenesis.
    • To discuss the implications of T cell research for T1D prediction, prevention, and therapy.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of T cells from pancreas, insulitis lesions, and lymphoid tissues of organ donors with T1D.

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    Regulatory T cells: Therapeutic Potential for Treating Transplant Rejection and Type I Diabetes
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  • Investigation of T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire and antigen targets.
  • Review of experimental, clinical, and pathology research findings.

    • Main Results:

    • Identification of a broad repertoire of target antigens and TCR usage in T1D.
    • Evidence of public TCR sequences shared among individuals with T1D.
    • Emergence of neoepitopes from post-translational modifications as potential autoimmune targets.

    Conclusions:

    • Autoreactive T cells play a central role in Type 1 diabetes pathogenesis.
    • Neoepitopes represent promising targets for future T1D therapeutic strategies.
    • Continued research into T cells is vital for advancing T1D prediction, prevention, and treatment.