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Two Hop Adaptive Vector Based Quality Forwarding for Void Hole Avoidance in Underwater WSNs.

Nadeem Javaid1, Farwa Ahmed2, Zahid Wadud3,4

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Void holes in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) hinder performance. New protocols, 2hop-AHH-VBF and QF-AHH-VBF, use neighbor information and optimal forwarder selection to minimize void holes, improving network efficiency.

Keywords:
area towards destinationcomposite priority functionlinear programmingpipeline radiuspotential neighbor numberqualified forwardingunderwater wireless sensor networksvector-based forwardingvirtual vector

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Area of Science:

  • Marine technology
  • Wireless communication networks
  • Network engineering

Background:

  • Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are crucial for aquatic applications but face environmental challenges like low bandwidth and high error rates.
  • Node mobility and uneven distribution in UWSNs lead to void holes, critically impacting network performance, coverage, and energy efficiency.
  • Minimizing void hole probability, especially in sparse regions, is essential for enhancing UWSN functionality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and evaluate novel protocols for mitigating void hole creation in UWSNs.
  • To improve network performance metrics such as throughput, coverage, and energy consumption.
  • To address the challenges posed by node mobility and uneven sensor distribution in underwater environments.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction of the two-hop adaptive hop by hop vector-based forwarding (2hop-AHH-VBF) protocol utilizing two-hop neighbor information.
  • Development of the quality forwarding adaptive hop by hop vector-based forwarding (QF-AHH-VBF) protocol with an optimal forwarder selection mechanism.
  • Application of mathematical problem formulation using linear programming for network performance optimization.

Main Results:

  • The proposed protocols effectively reduce void hole probability, particularly in locally sparse network regions.
  • QF-AHH-VBF demonstrates improved network good-put through optimal forwarder selection.
  • Simulation results confirm significant reductions in end-to-end delay and enhanced throughput in UWSNs employing these mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • The 2hop-AHH-VBF and QF-AHH-VBF protocols offer effective solutions for void hole avoidance in UWSNs.
  • Optimal forwarder selection is key to improving network throughput and overall performance.
  • These advancements contribute to more reliable and efficient underwater wireless sensor network operations.