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Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to...
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Preparation and Reactions of Thiols02:33

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Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
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The Sulfur Cycle01:22

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Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur is released by decaying organisms, weathered rocks, geothermal vents, volcanos, and burning fossil fuels. It is deposited into the ecosystem, cycled through the biotic community, and either released back into the atmosphere as gas or deposited in marine sediment for long-term storage and eventual...
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Carbon dioxide fixation in prokaryotes enables the assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules, supporting biosynthetic pathways, sustaining ecosystems, and contributing to the global carbon cycle. It also has industrial applications in carbon capture and bioproduct synthesis. Autotrophic organisms rely on this process to utilize CO₂ as a carbon source in diverse environments.The Calvin CycleThe Calvin cycle is the most widespread carbon fixation mechanism, primarily used by...
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Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides02:17

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Thiols and sulfides are sulfur analogs of alcohols and ethers, respectively, where the sulfur atom takes the place of the oxygen atom. Thus, thiols are generally represented as RSH, where R is an alkyl substituent and —SH is the functional group. On the other hand, in sulfides, the central sulfur atom is bonded to two hydrocarbon groups on either side. Depending upon the type of group, sulfides can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Both thiols and sulfides display a bent geometry,...
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Methanethiol-dependent dimethylsulfide production in soil environments.

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Dimethylsulfide (DMS) is produced in terrestrial environments via microbial methylation of methanethiol (MeSH). This study found that while the MddA enzyme is widespread, the MeSH-dependent DMS pathway is not a major source in grassland soils.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental microbiology
  • Biogeochemical cycles
  • Atmospheric chemistry

Background:

  • Dimethylsulfide (DMS) is a key atmospheric trace gas influencing sulfur cycling and climate.
  • Marine DMS production is well-studied, but terrestrial sources, potentially involving methanethiol (MeSH) methylation, are less understood.
  • The MddA enzyme, catalyzing MeSH methylation to DMS, is abundant in terrestrial metagenomes, suggesting a potential terrestrial DMS production pathway.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functionality of the MeSH-dependent DMS production (Mdd) pathway in diverse aerobic environments.
  • To identify microbial communities and specific taxa involved in terrestrial DMS production.
  • To assess the significance of the Mdd pathway for DMS generation in grassland soils.

Main Methods:

  • Incubation of soil and marine sediment samples with MeSH to measure DMS production.
  • Cultivation-dependent and -independent methods to analyze microbial community shifts in response to MeSH.
  • Metagenomic analysis to predict the abundance of the mddA gene in grassland soil bacteria.

Main Results:

  • All tested soil and marine sediment samples produced DMS upon MeSH incubation.
  • The MddA gene was predicted in 35.9% of bacteria in a grassland soil sample.
  • Bacteria of the genus Methylotenera were enriched with MeSH addition, and novel Mdd+ bacterial strains were isolated.
  • Despite mddA abundance, the Mdd pathway showed low DMS conversion rates in grassland soil, requiring MeSH addition for detection.

Conclusions:

  • The MeSH-dependent DMS production pathway (Mdd) is functional across various aerobic environments.
  • While MddA is widespread, its contribution to DMS production in grassland soils appears limited under natural conditions.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the environmental significance of terrestrial DMS production pathways.