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Assessing inflammageing.

Ursula Müller-Werdan1, Sebastian Nuding, Mario Ost

  • 1aCharité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Protestant Geriatric Centre Berlin, BerlinbDepartment of Medicine III, University Hospital Halle (Saale) of the Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, HallecGerman Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Section Physiology of Energy Metabolism, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany.

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Assessing immune system aging (immunosenescence) is crucial, but a standard diagnostic method is missing. Recent studies explore inflammation and cellular markers to quantify biological immune age for clinical use.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Gerontology
  • Biomarker Research

Background:

  • Inflammation and aging are closely linked, a phenomenon known as inflammaging.
  • Immunosenescence, the aging of the immune system, impacts overall health and disease susceptibility.
  • Current clinical decision-making lacks a standardized measure for immune system biological age.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent studies on biomarkers for assessing immunosenescence.
  • To highlight advancements in understanding the relationship between inflammation and immune aging.
  • To discuss the potential of biomarkers in quantifying immune function decline.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent large-scale studies and expert opinions on immunosenescence biomarkers.
  • Analysis of commonly used inflammation markers (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α, CRP, CMV antibodies).
  • Examination of cellular markers indicative of immune aging (e.g., T cell subsets, CD28 expression).

Main Results:

  • Several inflammation markers (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, C-reactive protein, cytomegalovirus antibodies) are frequently used.
  • Cellular markers like decreased naive T cells (CD8) and increased late-stage memory T cells (CD8) reflect immune aging.
  • Loss of CD28 expression on lymphocytes is also a recognized biomarker of immunosenescence.

Conclusions:

  • Significant progress has been made in understanding and phenotyping immunosenescence and inflammaging.
  • Despite advances, a standardized diagnostic method for assessing an individual's degree of immunosenescence is still lacking.
  • Further standardization is needed for the clinical application of immunosenescence biomarkers.