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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

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The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 25, 2026

Modified Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Patients with Thoracolumbar Kyphotic Deformity
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Pediatric Craniovertebral Junction Surgery.

Nobuhito Morota1

  • 1Division of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center.

Neurologia Medico-Chirurgica
|August 4, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pediatric craniovertebral junction (CVJ) surgery is advancing due to new technologies. However, achieving consistent, satisfactory results for CVJ anomalies in children remains a significant challenge.

Keywords:
congenital anomalycraniovertebral junctionembryologypediatricssurgery

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurosurgery
  • Developmental Anatomy
  • Surgical Innovation

Background:

  • The craniovertebral junction (CVJ) is increasingly recognized in pediatric medicine.
  • Numerous pathologies at the CVJ stem from developmental bone anomalies.
  • Advances in surgical technology enable direct CVJ access in children.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the developmental anatomy and pathophysiology of pediatric CVJ anomalies.
  • To discuss CT-based dynamic simulations for improved functional anatomy understanding.
  • To clarify surgical anatomy for pediatric CVJ lesions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of embryonic CVJ development, including ossification and somite resegmentation.
  • Classification of pediatric CVJ lesions into developmental bony anomalies, stenotic lesions, and others.
  • Discussion of surgical approaches, management, and outcomes based on classification.

Main Results:

  • Pediatric CVJ lesions are categorized into developmental bony anomalies, stenotic lesions, and others.
  • Surgical outcomes from personal experience are presented.
  • Controversial issues in pediatric CVJ surgery are addressed.

Conclusions:

  • Recent technological progress has improved pediatric CVJ surgery.
  • Consistently satisfactory results in pediatric CVJ surgery are still challenging to achieve.
  • Future advancements depend on the next generation of pediatric surgeons.