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Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
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Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
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A pulmonary embolism occurs when a thrombus, amniotic fluid, tumor tissue, fat, or air embolus blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. Effective nursing management and patient education are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing recurrence.Nursing management starts with obtaining a comprehensive patient history, particularly noting any history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Assess for clinical manifestations, including dyspnea, chest pain, crackles, heart murmurs, and signs of right-sided...
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Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
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Venous thrombosis, the most common disorder of the veins, involves the formation of a thrombus or blood clot associated with vein inflammation. It can be classified as either superficial vein thrombosis or deep vein thrombosis.Superficial Vein Thrombosis: This involves the formation of a thrombus in a superficial vein, usually the greater or lesser saphenous vein. Though less severe than deep vein thrombosis (DVT), SVT can lead to complications if untreated.Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): This...
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Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
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PULMONARY EMBOLISM - AN ENIGMA.

Rajat Kumar1, K S Rao2, A C Anand3

  • 1Reader in Medicine & Clinical Haematologist, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune 411 040.

Medical Journal, Armed Forces India
|August 4, 2017
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is often misdiagnosed in India due to its subtle symptoms. Increased awareness and advanced diagnostics are crucial for early detection of this potentially underdiagnosed condition.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pulmonology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Pulmonary embolism (PE) is perceived as rare in India, often presenting with atypical symptoms, leading to diagnostic challenges.
  • The enigmatic presentation of PE frequently results in delayed or missed diagnoses within the Indian healthcare setting.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present ten cases of pulmonary embolism (PE) in India, highlighting diagnostic difficulties and clinical presentations.
  • To emphasize the need for heightened awareness and improved diagnostic modalities for PE detection in India.

Main Methods:

  • Case series analysis of ten patients diagnosed with pulmonary embolism (PE).
  • Diagnostic methods included pulmonary angiography, lung perfusion/ventilation scans, autopsy, electrocardiogram (ECG), chest X-ray, and clinical assessment.
  • Retrospective review of clinical features, diagnostic workup, and initial diagnostic accuracy.

Main Results:

  • Nine patients had acute PE, one had chronic PE with cor pulmonale.
  • Common symptoms were sudden breathlessness (100%), tachypnea (100%), and tachycardia (80%); chest pain (30%) and hemoptysis (0%) were uncommon.
  • Initial diagnosis was incorrect in 70% of cases; ECG and chest X-ray findings were often non-specific or normal.

Conclusions:

  • Pulmonary embolism (PE) may be more common in India than previously thought, with its rarity potentially being an underestimation.
  • Improved diagnostic strategies and increased clinical vigilance are essential for the timely and accurate diagnosis of PE.