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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

16.6K
The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
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Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

18.9K
The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at...
18.9K
Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

5.2K
Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
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New Insights into 5hmC DNA Modification: Generation, Distribution and Function.

Dong-Qiao Shi1, Iftikhar Ali1, Jun Tang1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China.

Frontiers in Genetics
|August 4, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dynamic DNA modifications like 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) are crucial epigenetic regulators. This review explores 5hmC generation, distribution, and function in mammals, with potential implications for plants.

Keywords:
5-hydroxymethylcytosineDNA demethylationDNA hydroxylationTET proteinsepigenetics

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Dynamic DNA modifications, including cytosine methylation (5mC) and its derivatives, are key epigenetic regulators of gene expression in diverse organisms.
  • 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is a significant DNA modification, arising from 5mC demethylation by Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET) enzymes.
  • 5hmC plays critical roles in mammalian cellular and developmental processes, such as stem cell pluripotency, neural development, and tumorigenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding the generation, distribution, and functional roles of 5hmC modification in mammals.
  • To explore the potential involvement and functions of 5hmC in plant biology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on DNA modifications.
  • Analysis of studies focusing on 5hmC generation and distribution mechanisms.
  • Synthesis of findings on the functional significance of 5hmC in mammalian systems.

Main Results:

  • 5hmC is generated through the oxidation of 5mC by TET proteins.
  • 5hmC exhibits distinct genomic distribution patterns that correlate with gene regulation.
  • Emerging evidence highlights 5hmC's involvement in various biological processes, including development and disease.

Conclusions:

  • 5hmC is a vital epigenetic mark with diverse regulatory functions in mammals.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate the specific roles and mechanisms of 5hmC in plants, potentially revealing conserved epigenetic pathways.